Gazovaya promyshlennost’ № 04 2018

The article presents a comparison of the modern database management systems. There is a description of methods making easy to choose the optimal database management system, concerning a number of criteria, also for an actual problem of import substitution. The analytic hierarchy process developed by T. Saaty was used as mathematical tool in this study. To solve the task, five most popular database management systems of domestic and foreign production were considered: Oracle, MS SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL, DBMS Red Database. A comparison of database management systems was made by a number of criteria: cost, functionality, runtime performance, cross-platform software, place of production. A pairwise comparison of the databases for each of the criteria was made. Three variants of comparison of databases with different priorities (weight sets of criteria) are considered: the main role of cost when choosing databases; the prevalence of runtime performance and functionality of databases over cost; import substitution as the main task. As a result of the calculation, the algorithm proposed a freeware import database management system PostgreSQL in the case of the “cost” priority, a commercial import Oracle database management system in the case of “runtime performance and characteristics” priority, and a commercial domestic DBMS Red Database in the case of “place of production” priority.

In the cost of oil production, the costs of overcoming the complicating factors are on average 25–40 % of the operating costs. Measures to well complication control are implemented in two aspects: prevention and periodic elimination of complicating factors; adaptation of field well equipment and technologies to work in conditions of the complicating factors impact. Control of complications arising from during extraction, transportation and preparation of well production is one of the urgent problems of all oil and gas producing companies. Adverse events include the deposition of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits, the effect of the emulsion component of the produced liquid, the deposition of salts, mechanical impurities, the corrosion of oilfield equipment and the formation of gas hydrate plugs. Managing well complications, predicting the behavior of oilfield equipment and monitoring the intensity of the impact of complicating factors is the next step in the technology to control well complications. This technology allows to make integrated management of fields with well complications, to select an effective way of their control, to calculate the technological and economic efficiency of selected methods. The article is devoted to increasing the effectiveness of well complication control. The empirical and general-logic methods were used in the work: system approach, description, modeling, experiment, and data interpretation method. The author has developed and proposed an algorithm for decision-making in the well complication control based on simulation modeling using the ANSYS software application. Using the example of the well No. 321 of the Mishkinskoe field (Udmurt Republic, Russian Federation), the methodology for creating an automated design is represented, the workability of the approach is confirmed, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of well operations.

The article considers the issues of determining the technical state of gas and gas condensate wells, analyzes the known methods for determining their state according to operation data and the difficulty of using them in the Far North. An innovative method is proposed that allows rapid real-time detection of well operational disorder, diagnosing the cause of their occurrence and making timely decisions on eliminating the upset conditions. The method is implemented on the basis of the existing system of telemetry of gas wells, as well as management information system of dispatching control of the enterprise. Due to this, it was possible to significantly reduce both the time and material costs for creating the automated system of operational control of technical state of the gas and gas condensate wells according to operational data. At the same time, gas dynamic studies of the wells (measurement of the bottom hole pressure) are carried out and the well flow rate, pressure and temperature of the gas at well mouth are measured using the telemetry system with a given discreteness, also the bottom hole pressure value is calculated. Then, the measured and calculated values of the bottom hole pressure are compared. The coefficients included in the formula are been refined until the calculated value of the pressure will coincide with its measured value with an acceptable accuracy. The telemetry system transmits this information to the management information system of dispatching control of the enterprise in real time. Well work is controlled and diagnosed by comparing pressure dynamics. The automated system of operational control of technical state of the gas and gas condensate wells is implemented on the basis of the current management information system of dispatching control of Gazprom dobycha Yamburg LLC. The mnemonic diagrams of the demo version of the automated control system and the procedure for working with its communication interface are given. Testing of the system was started on gas wells of the Kharvutinskaya area of the Yamburgskoe oil and gas condensate field (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Russian Federation).

The results of gas production in the Netherlands, in which the largest in Western Europe the Groningen gas field was discovered in 1959, are considered in the article. During the years of the field development, 2.3 trillion m3 of gas has been produced, gas production could be going until 2080 year, but the bed pressures in the gas reservoir decreased 3.7 times, that led to negative geoenvironmental processes (earthquakes and subsidence of the earth's surface), which brought significant threats for human livelihood. Despite the double reducing of the gas production, the number of earthquakes is increasing. Based on the violation of direct links between the volume of gas production and the number of earthquakes in 2015–2017, it is assumed that a “point of no return” is passed. At the same time, small values of subsidence of the earth's surface (about 30 cm) are due to the presence of a thick layer of evaporite deposits. Salt can flow into zones of low pressure, inhibits the unloading of the stresses in the gas reservoir, stops the spread of subvertical faults and fractures and slows down the subsidence of the earth's surface. Conclusions were drawn about the considerable accumulated deformations of the reservoir, which can cause the possibility of appearing the new stronger earthquakes in the Groningen field. The absence of special seismic observations on giant Russian fields in the Arctic can create the appearance of aseismicity of the gas and oil production process for a long time, since most earthquakes have a small magnitude (usually up to 2) and are not perceptible to humans. Permafrost in the Arctic reduces the rate of subsidence of the earth's surface (usually up to 1 cm per year). Possible negative processes on fields can inflict major damage not only on the regional ecosystem, but also on the economy of oil and gas producing companies and the country as a whole. In this regard, to improve the safety of gas production in Russian and foreign fields, the geoenvironmental monitoring is required, including recording of induced seismicity and analysis of local and regional geodynamic processes.

The continental shelf of the Russian Federation contains a large number of hydrocarbon resources and can eventually serve as a basis for energy independence of the country. The offshore field development requires utilization of new technologies and equipment such as subsea production systems especially in the Far North regions. The development of subsea production equipment is in turn based on the availability of high-strength, robust and reliable materials in order to ensure the absence of discharge into the vulnerable marine environment. Modern sealing technologies are one of the cornerstones of the leak tightness and safety of the oilfield equipment. The article considers various aspects of the usage of elastomer seals in underwater oil and gas production systems. The basic service factors affecting the material selection and design of seals such as pressure, temperature, attack of service media and chemicals as well as rapid gas decompression are analysed. Elevated service temperatures are shown to lead to a reduction in elastomer deformation properties and, thereby, higher risks of failures and decrease in the seal lifetime. On the other hand, low temperatures negatively affect the sealing performance of elastomers, therefore the seal material selection becomes a complex task. In addition, the main industry standards related to the qualification of elastomer seal materials for subsea production equipment are briefly discussed in the article. The need for further development of new elastomer materials and seals for subsea production systems and the regulatory technical documentation for the materials in question is highlighted.

The article examines the Checklist method, analizes it as a tool for assessing the level of labor protection, industrial, fire and environmental safety of hazardous production facilities of the oil and gas complex within the framework of a risk-oriented system for managing the integrated safety of production facilities. The main advantages of the Checklist method are: simplicity of use; clearly structured verification area; exclusion of different interpretations of the requirements of the legislation by the officials carrying out the audit; test results can be obtained by one technician in one day; unified work of all inspectors of the officials, which allows to minimize subjective factors in their work; transparency of inspection, which is an achievement for both the employer and the state (there is still often information about local abuses by inspectors of supervisory authorities). The disadvantages of the method include: a lot of forms and sizes of Checklists; possibility of formal conducting the verification by the staff. The method is based on observations, so a number of problems can go unnoticed. In the context of a risk-based approach, the use of checklists will prevent violations of the requirements of labor protection, industrial, fire and environmental safety, especially those that carry a threat to human life and health. The use of lists for self-testing will help to detect and eliminate violations, increase the level of security of the production facilities, avoid financial penalties, as well as to prepare the necessary documents in advance in order to reduce the time of audit.

The article presents the results of the environmental and economic assessment of the marine transportation of compressed natural gas in accordance with environmental and economic criteria. The most economically viable and environmentally friendly methods of the natural gas transportation are determined, which is necessary for making justified management decisions, as well as expanding the use of natural gas as clean fuel. The study of these issues is important both for the economic development of Russia and for solving global problems related to sustainable development. The state of the issue, the relevance and tasks of the study are described in detail. The research methods, including economic and ecological sections, are formulated. In the economic section, the specific costs, transport tariffs for different parameters of distances and volumes of freight traffic are considered. The comparison of transport technologies according to the proposed algorithm is presented. In the environmental section, the carbon footprint (emissions into the atmosphere) is chosen as the main factor, its assessment is considered in detail for three types of gas transportation. As a result of the study, the zones with areas of preference for this or that technology are indicated. The results of the economic analysis show the matrix of technology efficiency and tariff schedules. Potential marine transport projects are presented and calculations are made on the examples of the Black and Baltic Seas. It is noted that the use of compressed natural gas technology in promising projects is more favorable for the environment and climate for small volumes of gas transportation at distances from 400 to 2500 km.

The article considers the questions of expediency of application of captive power plants at a stage of development of design solutions concerning the minimum necessary volume of elaboration during selection of a method of electric supply of the consumption object and the questions of expediency of parallel work with a power system of existing captive power plants. Developing design solutions, it is necessary to highlight in detail the various power supply possibilities of the object, taking into account the long-term development of the Unified Energy System of Russia, the commissioning time of the object, as well as technical and economic criteria. Solving the question of parallel operation with the power system of existing captive power plants, it is necessary to take into account a number of legal peculiarities and technical possibilities connected with the technological connection of power receiving units, as well as the economic expediency of parallel operation with the power system. The algorithm for assessing the expediency of parallel operation of captive power plants with the power system, taking into account the installed capacity of these power plants, the economic expediency of selling electricity in the electricity market, the expediency of additional loading of captive power plants is presented.