Gazovaya promyshlennost’№ 08 2018

» Application of 3D technologies in training of operating personnel of gas treatment plant in Gazprom dobycha Urengoy LLC

The article describes the experience of applying 3D printing technologies to create training models of equipment for personnel of a gas production enterprise. The project was initiated in 2015 on the basis of Gazprom dobycha Urengoy LLC. Created with the computer-aided design system and 3D printer, the model of processing train No. 6 of the complex preparation of Valanginian gas No. 2B at the Urengoyskoe oil and gas condensate field was recognized as the best educational tool of the enterprise. Subsequently, the scalable architecture of the project allowed the creation of increasingly complex interactive models, such as the 3D model of gas condensate field No. 8 with LED indication of inter-shop communications. Training models, produced by the method of 3D printing, allow to develop the habit of solving operational problems associated with fire and gas hazardous works, as well as technological switching. The use of interactive 3D technologies allows not only to increase the level of qualification of specialists, but also industrial safety, contributing to the reduction of risks of accidents and industrial injuries. Successful experience in the application and development of 3D modeling technologies can be replicated for training both in manufacturing enterprises and in institutions of dual and higher education. The authors of the article became laureates of the First All-Russian Competition of Scientific and Technical Publications of Young Scientists and Specialists conducted by Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC in 2017, the research is published within the framework of this competition.

Keywords: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION, STAFF TRAINING, 3D MODELING, AUTOMATED DESIGN SYSTEM.

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» Optimization of waterflooding pattern of the Tulyus field (Republic of Kazakhstan)

The research suggests a method for increasing oil recovery in the Tyulyus field (Republic of Kazakhstan) by optimizing and improving the efficiency of the waterflooding pattern. At present, enhanced oil recovery can be achieved in several ways, one of which is flooding - injection of water into the reservoir through injection wells. In Kazakhstan, up to 95% of oil production is provided by flooding. The Tyulus field has been under development since 1987, four development facilities are in operation. The reservoir pressure support system has been implemented since 1996 at all facilities. The article analyzes the efficiency of the reservoir pressure support system at the first facility, consisting of 19 production and four injection wells. The reasons of the inefficiency of the reservoir pressure support system in the field were identified by analyzing the technical condition of the wells (casing tightness, perforating and other factors), 3D modeling of the geological structure of the field, reflecting hydrocarbon saturation, seismic and hydrological conditions, and analyzing the impact of injection wells on production (using statistic data for the entire history of the field). The plan of reconstruction of this system was created based on the results of the study, the decision to replicate similar works for the three remaining production facilities of the Tyulyus field was made.

Keywords: OIL RECOVERY FACTOR, PRODUCTION RATE, RESERVOIR PRESSURE SUPPORT, WATERFLOODING, WELL WORKOVER, UNDERGROUND WELL REPAIR.

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» Litho-mineralogical and field geological criteria of distribution of productive zones in Senonian deposits

The comparison of the results of laboratory studies of core samples of Senonian deposits from the wells of the Medvezhie field (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) with the results of the interpretation of well log data was performed. It is concluded that the structure of the pore space depends on the degree of recrystallization of the initial siliceous substance: the larger the quartz content in the reservoir, the smaller the mesopore fraction and the higher the gas saturation. If the proportion of the opal-cristobalite-tridymite phase is increased in the silica clays, then the fraction of mesopores is also increased. The degree of gas saturation of the collectors varies along the section and is predetermined by the structure of the pore space of the rocks. An increase in the proportion of mesopores in a hole space leads to a decrease in the gas saturation coefficient. The revealed interrelationships between the mineral composition of rocks and the structure of the pore space of the Senonian silica clays have made it possible to establish the criteria for isolating zone intervals with different gas saturation in these unconventional reservoirs. For mineral composition: the reservoir with increased gas saturation is characterized by the increased proportion of quartz and a lower fraction of the opal-cristobalite-tridymite phase; the reservoir with a lower gas saturation has the increased content of the opal-cristobalite-tridymite phase or increased clay alteration. According to well logging data, there is the direct relation between the gas saturation of the reservoir and the travel time of the longitudinal wave, as well as there is the inverse relation between the gas saturation of the reservoir and the total porosity by the interpretation of nuclear magnetic logging.

Keywords: SENONIAN DEPOSITS, SILICA CLAY, LOWER BEREZOVSKAYA SUBSUITE, PORE SPACE, SILICA, QUARTZ, MICROTOMOGRAPHY, ADSORPTION STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, FILTRATION CHANNELS OF MATRIX, FRACTURE POROUS RESERVOIR, NATURAL WATER SATURATION.

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» Effect of the skin-zone to the filtration of real gases in the porous medium at radial movement

In practice, there are various deviations depending on the state of the bottomhole zone. The presence of additional resistances (presence of liquid, water cut, condensation of water vapor) reduces the productivity of gas wells. The article proposes the technique for determining the filtration properties of real gases, considering the dependence of viscosity and the coefficient of supercompressibility on pressure; the skin zone, arising in the bottomhole formation zone, is also taken into account. This method is based on field observations and makes it possible to determine the state of the bottomhole zone and, knowing the skin factor, to carry out additional work in the bottomhole zone of the well, which ultimately regulates the productivity. The processing of numerous field materials has shown that high positive skin factor is observed in many wells. This fact indicates that the permeability of the near-wellbore zone was deteriorated during the drilling and development of gas wells. In some cases, in marine conditions, this parameter increases up to 60 % of the total pressure drop. In this case, it is necessary to carry out work related to the impact on the bottomhole zone of the well, in order to reduce the values of skin zone indicators. Skin factor provides an opportunity to assess the status of the bottomhole zone of the well and to identify appropriate technological measures for this parameter. The comparison of the available and obtained values of the skin factor allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken in the bottomhole zone of gas wells.

Keywords: SKIN ZONE, SKIN FACTOR, FILTRATION RATE, PERMEABILITY, MASS FLOW, VOLUME FLOW, POROSITY, SATURATED VAPOR DENSITY, SUPERCOMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR.

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» Special features of the intercasing pressure formation in the well and set of studies for their diagnostics

The article describes the problems of intercasing pressure in oil and gas wells and considers their general reasons. The main ways of fluid migration to the tubing-casing annulus and the causes of the conducting channels formation in the outer annulus and tubing-casing annulus are described. The quality of the well casing and cement stone state in the outer annulus and tubing-casing annulus are considered. A set of geophysical studies is presented for diagnostics of the intercasing pressure sources at different operating modes of the well, with casing head pressure control in the tubing, annular space and tubing-casing annulus of the well. The potential of three-component geoacoustic logging is described. The sensors used in the three-component geoacoustic logging equipment are presented, these sensors allow to fix the intensity of elastic waves in the well in different directions and wide frequency range. The reasons of the elastic waves formation in the well and the features of formation of sounds during the filtration of the fluid flow are indicated. The amplitude-frequency characteristics observed during flow filtration in reservoirs of different types and structures are considered. The example of the identification of the source of intercasing pressure at the gas condensate field by three-component geoacoustic logging is given. The method of high-resolution temperature logging and its potential in diagnostics of intercasing pressure sources are described. The technique of well investigation with the methods of three-component geoacoustic logging and high-resolution temperature logging at different modes for diagnostics of the intercasing pressure sources is demonstrated. The technology of well head pressure control in the tubing, annular space and tubing-casing annulus of the well and the basic principles of the obtained information studying are considered. The importance of making decisions on diagnostics of the intercasing pressure sources and the effectiveness of the proposed set of studies is noted.

Keywords: INTERCASING PRESSURE, TUBING-CASING SPACE, CEMENT STONE, THREE-COMPONENT GEOACOUSTIC LOGGING, GEOACOUSTIC SIGNAL.

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» Bench testing of submersible separator of gas and solid particles on the laboratory mixtures

Well operation by electrical submersible pumps is one of the main artificial lifting mechanisms for oil production. At present, the exploitation of oil fields is complicated by various geological and industrial factors and technogenic factors that cause the appearance of solid particles and non-associated gas at the input of electrical submersible pumps. The centrifugal separation is one of the control method of solid particles and non-associated gas. The article considers the created experimental stand testing the characteristics of the submersible separators of solid particles and the submersible gas separators with the simulator of the casing column. The test stand provides separator working conditions comparable with work in the well. A new centrifugal separator designed for simultaneous separation of non-associated gas and solid particles in the field of centrifugal forces is also considered, that allows to obtain high values of the pressure gradient and, correspondingly, the separation coefficients. The performed tests of the separator on the stand allowed to improve the stand construction and to collect the material for analysis of the separator operation in the well. The further developed stand construction provided stable test modes of the separator. Based on the test results, the field of application of the developed separator is identified as low-yield wells with the oil and gas mixture, water cut of more than 70 %. The directions for further improvement of the separator design are defined.

Keywords: SEPARATOR OF SOLID PARTICLES AND GAS, SOLID PARTICLE, CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION, TEST STAND, TEST STAND OF SOLID PARTICLES CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION, LIQUID-GAS MIXTURE, LABORATORY MIXTURE.

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» Reliability assurance at the subsea development of the oil and gas fields of the Russian Arctic shelf

The development of natural gas deposits on the Russian Arctic shelf is associated with the solution of a number of complex technical problems. The presence of ice and icebergs in the water area of the field leads to the need to use fully subsea field development based on the use of subsea production systems. The length of the period of inaccessibility of equipment due to the presence of ice in the water area can be 6–9 months per year, when maintenance and repair of subsea production equipment using traditional technologies is impossible. Reservation of this equipment is one of the possible ways of solving the problem. Research related to the substantiation of the required level of reservation of the equipment of the subsea production system was carried out. The level of reservation (usually two and three-time reservation) is defined for various functional systems of the subsea production system. At this level, the reliability indicators close to ones for continental natural gas fields are achieved. The effect of reservation on the reliability of the subsea production system and on the economic performance of its operation is investigated. The optimal values of the reliability indices of the subsea production system are significantly lower than the generally accepted reliability indicators (the coefficient of productivity conservation at the level of 0.97). It is concluded that attempts to achieve high reliability indicators due to reservation leads to a significant degradation in the economic performance of projects. The strategic direction of improving the reliability of the subsea production system is not the reservation, but year-round support of the equipment maintenance and repair. The results of computational studies of the reliability of the subsea production system for the fields of the Arctic and Far Eastern shelves, as well as various alternative technologies for performing year-round maintenance and repair of equipment are considered.

Keywords: SHELF DEPOSITS DEVELOPMENT, RELIABILITY ASSURANCE, FULLY SUBSEA DEVELOPMENT, SUBICE REPAIR SUPPORT.

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» Determination of stable operation parameters of rectifying plant at deviation from the design conditions

During operation of rectifying plants at gas production and gas processing facilities, the problems emerge due to deviation from design parameters of composition properties of formation products delivered to the plant, and the need to boost up plant output. In order to find possible solutions to the mentioned problems, the operation of a plant of methanol rectification of produced water has been simulated with the use of Aspen HYSYS software, and its optimum parameters have been determined. The plant is designated for rectification of produced water-methanol mixture aimed at production of methanol met the Technical Specification TU 2421-076-00151638–2007, and bottom water with the methanol content not above 2 wt. %. Simulation of of rectifying plant operation covered: determination of the rectifying tower process conditions ensuring predetermined quality of produced products on top and bottom of the tower; determination of heat duty on the heat-exchange equipment; determination of vapor and liquid capacity ensuring stable hydraulic control of the tower. The maximum flooding of the tray is taken 75 %, efficiency rate of real trays is 0.6 in order to approximate tower operation in real conditions. Criteria used of assessment of stable hydraulic control of the distilling tower were as follows: determination of a stable point in tray steady operation; downpipe load; discharge wall load. Based on the results, the scope of work for plant upgrade has been established that revealed increase in productivity by 40 % as compared to the design parameters. The considered approach is applicable for the analysis of variants of the rectifying plant productivity increase by way of comparing CAPEX for the upgrade of the in-service plant against new construction or redesign.

Keywords: FRACTIONING OF WATER-METHANOL MIXTURE, simulation OF RECTIFYING PLANT OPERATION, UPGRADE OF RECTIFYING PLANT.

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» Norming of vibration of process pipelines of the reciprocating compressors of compressor stations of Gazprom PJSC

The article considers the issues of normalizing the vibration of piping of reciprocating compressors of compressor stations of Gazprom PJSC. The estimation of existing regulatory framework for the vibration of these objects is given. It is shown that the application of existing industry norms for vibration of piping of reciprocating compressors can lead to false conclusions about the presence of defects and the need for changes in pipeline constructions. The possible directions of the solution of the mentioned problem are indicated in the article. The levels of vibration norms for pipelines with reciprocating compressors are presented, corresponding to the design, operation and emergency situations. The analysis of the vibration norms of process pipelines is given, the task of normalizing the vibration of pipelines with reciprocating compressors is formulated, that is based on the indirect estimation of the pipe damage gathering under the influence of dynamic loads. The possibility of applying of different norms was assessed using the example of vibration diagnostics of the piping of a compressor shop with four reciprocating compressors of one of the underground gas storages. The vibration velocity and vibration displacement were measured; the reduction in the life of the pipeline section with maximum vibration is estimated using two normative documents. It is shown that the norms of State Standard GOST 32388–2013 are more indicative of technical condition of the pipelines. In this connection, it is proposed to develop the industry normative document on the vibration of pipelines with reciprocating compressors on the basis of this State Standard.

Keywords: VIBRATION, GAS PULSATION, VIBRATION DISPLACEMENT, VIBRATION VELOCITY, FREQUENCY, AMPLITUDE, AVERAGE SQUARE VALUE, CYCLIC STRENGTH.

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» Comparative analysis of weld overlay of the pipe fitting elements by electrode welding and automatic welding under the flux layer

The article analyzes the repair of pipeline fittings by weld overlay, and also considers the main indicators of economic efficiency in carrying out restoration work on repair of shut-off and control valves. Two main methods of welding in industry and construction are compared: electrode welding and automatic welding under the flux layer. The electrode welding with stick electrodes was used at the facilities of the Astrakhanskoe gas condensate field for a long time. The applied method did not provide the required productivity and quality of weld overlay. The weld overlay quality was improved by automation of the welding process due to mechanization of the electrode movement. A number of experimental studies was performed to assess the basic criteria of automatic welding under the flux layer: the saving of expended material and time, the quality of repair and safety. The weld overlay was made on the samples of 500 × 500 × 12 mm in size, and the metallographic analysis of two types of weld overlay was performed during experiment. The appropriate technologies were developed and certified in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and regulatory documents on welding for performance of weld overlay. The weld overlay process of 5000 elements per year was considered during comparative analysis of time spent on two types of weld overlay, as well as the amount of used welding consumables.

Keywords: WELDING, WELD OVERLAY, PIPE FITTING, REPAIR, WEAR PROBLEM

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» Development and introduction of integrated monitoring of the technical condition of buildings and constructions in Gazprom transgaz Moscow LLC

The article describes the creation of the Monitoring System for industrial buildings and compressor stations of LLC Gazprom transgaz Moscow. Federal laws and industry regulatory documents were studied. The Recommendations R Gazprom 2-2.3-778–2014 “Organization of Monitoring of Safety Characteristics of Industrial Buildings and Facilities of Compressor Stations” was introduced in Gazprom PJSC in 2014, defining the work volumes in Monitoring System organization. In accordance to define functioning order of the Monitoring System, the system for collecting, storing and updating information on buildings and facilities of compressor stations was developed. The implementation of the Monitoring System for industrial buildings and facilities in LLC Gazprom transgaz Moscow is conditionally divided into two stages. The first stage is the actual assessment of the technical condition of the compressor station buildings. At this stage, the works under the industrial safety expertise program are carrying out by the specialists of the Engineering and Technical Center, the branch of the Gazprom transgaz Moscow LLC. The second stage is the organization of monitoring of safety characteristics of industrial buildings and constructions on the basis of conclusions and corrective actions developed according to the results of the first stage. The industry regulatory documents of the Company were developed within the framework of the organization of the implementation of the Monitoring and Synchronization System of the divisions of Gazprom transgaz Moscow LLC.

Keywords: BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS, MONITORING, TECHNICAL CONDITION, SYSTEM, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY EXPERTISE, DIAGNOSTIC SURVEYS, COMPRESSOR STATION, SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS.

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» Geocryological and geotechnical conditions of the Power of Siberia main gas pipeline at the present stage of the construction completion

The article presents the current status of implementation of the construction project of the Power of Siberia gas transportation system at the stage of completion of pipelaying as on mid 2018. The complicated geotechnical and geocryological conditions are shown. The route of the gas transportation system passes through a complex terrain (high mountain ranges, plateaus and lowlands dissected by river valleys), which causes a variety of natural conditions. In the southern and south-eastern parts of the territory, there are mountains with elevations from 800 to 1500 m above sea level. Seasonal and perennial freezing and thawing of rocks, in combination with their composition, cause wide development of cryogenic phenomena and formations along the route. Frost cracking of rocks, aufeis formation and soil heaving are the most developed along the route, whereas thermokarst and solifluction are less widespread. The use of modern technologies and materials that allow maintaining high reliability and stability of the pipeline is noted. The main results of ecological and geocryological researches of the Melnikov Permafrost Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for recent years are considered in the article, which made it possible to identify the main problems of the project and show the ways of their solution. The geoecological and geotechnical problems arising at the stage of the construction completion of the Siberia Power pipeline are analyzed. The main causes of these problems, ways to prevent them and minimize the damage are shown.

Keywords: GAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, POWER OF SIBERIA, CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION, SURVEY, DESIGNING, PIPELAYING, SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NEW MATERIALS.

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» Land allocation to natural monopolies for construction and reconstruction of gas pipeline transportation facilities

The subject of the study was the process of land allocation for the construction and reconstruction of gas pipeline transportation facilities. With a variety of forms of land rights, it is difficult for the developer, acting in the personal interest, to obtain permission from the right holders of the land to lay gas pipelines. This leads to a change in the initially chosen routes for the placement of gas pipelines, an increase in the timing of the implementation of projects, a significant overstatement of the real value of monetary compensations for the permanent and temporary land withdrawal, a large number of lawsuits. The developer faces similar problems when trying to locate his property on state-owned land, especially from the categories of forest fund lands and specially protected areas and facilities. The presented research is based on the practical experience of the authors and the current versions of the legislation. The work is aimed at acquainting a wide range of oil and gas industry specialists with the rules of land allocation for the construction and reconstruction of pipeline gas transportation facilities of natural monopolies. As a result of the work carried out by the authors, with reference to the current legislation, the way of land withdrawal for state needs for the construction and reconstruction of gas pipeline facilities of natural monopoly subjects is described step by step, and the existing problems and ways of their solution for meeting the interests of both developers and owners of land and real estate. Field of application: initiation, organization, implementation of projects for the construction of gas pipeline transport of natural monopolies.

Keywords: NATURAL MONOPOLY, PIPELINE TRANSPORT, GAS PIPELINE, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, RECONSTRUCTION, WITHDRAWAL, STATE NEEDS, STATE PROPERTY, PRIVATE PROPERTY.

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» Paris Agreement and the gas industry: risks and benefits analysis

The article deals with the risks formed by the Paris Agreement on Climate of the United Nations Organization for the Russian and global gas industry. The arguments of the initiators of the “Attack on Gas” are analyzed as well as the activities within the campaign against the Russian gas projects. Special attention is paid to the risks connected with the promotion of the carbon tax, including the direct costs for the gas companies and the unfair advantages for renewable energy projects, leading to lower global gas demand. Recommendations on possible hedging of these risks are proposed, e. g. within the current situation of USA disaffiliation with of the Paris Agreement. The requirements of the Paris Agreement on Climate, not yet ratified by the Russian Federation, are analyzed. There are contradictions in the data of non-governmental organizations, on the basis of which the requirements were formed, with the research of a number of international expert organizations. The change in logic of the purposes in the process of detailing the Paris Agreement (refusal from the 2° limit and a new limit of 1.5°) and the carbon tax, lobbied by the World Bank are considered separately. Currently, the proposed rate of “penalty for the carbon footprint” ranges from $ 15 to $ 35 per ton of CO2 equivalent, but there are plans to raise it to $ 500. Based on data on the carbon emissions of Russian oil and gas corporations, the author predicts losses of the domestic economy with the introduction of a carbon tax of up to $ 1 trillion and warns about this mainly risk of ratification of the Paris Agreement.

Keywords: PARIS AGREEMENT, UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, NORD STREAM 2, CARBON FOOTPRINT, GLOBAL WARMING, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION, CARBON TAX, NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS, LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT.

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Gazovaya promyshlennost’ № 08 2018

Read in this issue:

Automation (including Robotics for oil and gas industry, Software systems, Data analysis, etc.)

Геология и разведка месторождений

GAS AND GAS CONDENSATE EXTRACTION

SHELF DEVELOPMENT

Gas and gas condensate processing

Underground gas storages

Repair and diagnostics of main pipelines, compressor plants and pumping stations

STANDARTIZATION AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT

CONSTRUCTION AND OIL-AND-GAS PIPELINES’ OPERATION

Ecology