Gazovaya promyshlennost’№ 10 2018

» The decision on well's drilling under uncertainty: traditional and 3D paleo-geomechanical approaches

The article considers, firstly, the appropriate strategy of decision to drill or not the well in the oil or gas field or underground gas storage, and, secondly, how to choose a drilling location. Two approaches are compared. The first traditional approach is based on a structural map of the reservoir and can lead to the dubious result that drilling is profitable in areas outside the arched part of the structural traps. The second approach uses a 3D paleo-geomechanical modeling, and its advantages are shown in the article. The location of production wells is determined in the areas of improved reservoir properties of rocks of the reservoir, defined using 3D paleo-geomechanical modeling. These zones correspond to areas of fractured rocks resulting from the destruction by the tensile and shear stresses. The proposed method is considered on the example of the Nevskoe underground gas storage. The decision to drill a well is based primarily on economic feasibility, on the possibility of making a profit from a well. The obtained results prove the high economic efficiency of 3D paleo-geomechanical modeling, the use of this method is promising for other underground gas storages and fields.

Keywords: UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE, RESERVOIR, RESERVOIR PROPERTIES, FRACTURING, ELASTICITY, WELL, DRILLING, PRICE, STRATEGY, PROBABILITY, PROFIT.

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» “Green” gas in the European gas transportation system

The article considers the actual topic of the “green” gas use safety in the existing gas transportation system in Europe. The features of the introduction of “green” gas technologies (biogas, synthetic methane, hydrogen) in the system of transport, storage, and distribution of natural gas are discussed. The analysis of the application of the Energy to Gas Technology for the production of hydrogen in European projects is carried out, and indicators of pumping green gas into existing transportation and distribution networks, as well as underground gas storage facilities in Germany are given. The negative influence of hydrogen on gas turbines, the possibility of its permeability in the rocks of underground gas storages, the hydrogenation of metal constructions, the aggressiveness to plastic constructions, and the danger of interaction of hydrogen with minerals, bacteria and formation water are noted. The issue of the application of biogas in Europe over the past 10 years is considered, the geography of biogas plants and the dynamics of expansion of its producers' network are presented. The unsolved issues on the quality of biogas supplied to the European main gas pipeline system are discussed, the examples of limitations of biogas use in France are given. The danger of the appearance of sulfur compounds, which sources are hydrogen and biogas, in the process equipment and pipelines is indicated. It is shown that the solution of the problem consists in creating the separate pipeline network, in harmonizing the requirements for the quality of methane-hydrogen gas in all countries of united Europe and refusing to inject “green” gas into the gas transmission system and underground gas storages.

Keywords: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, GREEN GAS, BIOGAS QUALITY, HYDROGEN, EUROPEAN UNIFIED GAS TRANSPORT SYSTEM, UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGES, SULFUR COMPOUNDS.

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» Forecasting of the gas market of the European Union countries using the mathematical regression and cluster analysis

The fuel and energy complex of the European Union countries in the last decade has been characterized by insignificant in stability (0.6 %) decrease in the consumption of energy resources, including gas. The article describes the features of the gas potential structure of the Western European countries and analyzes the dynamics of gas demand over the past decade. The following statistical analysis algorithms were used: the generation of equations of the regression and clustering of the countries – consumers of the domestic market in terms of gas supply. At present, the decline of the resource potential of the European Union countries continues, and therefore the demand for gas is relatively high. On the other hand, a reduction in gas consumption has been determined, including through innovative technologies (renewable energy sources, the implementation of programs to reduce energy conservation, etc.). At the same time, the need to reduce the share of coal energy and restrictions of the nuclear energy development indicate the unavoidability of increasing the share of gas in the structure of the fuel and energy balance in the Western European countries. Regional analysis of gas consumption indicates the presence of several clusters. More than 90 % of gas consumption falls into six countries, among which two groups are distinguished: with the level of annual gas consumption more than 60 billion m3 (Germany, France, the United Kingdom) and with a level less than 40 billion m3 (Italy, the Netherlands, Spain). The demand dynamics of these countries is approximated by linear and power regression dependencies. The use of linear regression indicates a large decrease in gas demand. The obtained regression equations of the countries of the first group are characterized by a higher level of correlation R2. These equations make it possible to predict the dynamics of gas consumption until the middle of the 21th century. The multifactorial adjustment is necessary to improve the accuracy of the forecasting. The development of modern and the formation of promising regional systems (hubs) may initiate a subregional increase in gas consumption. The presented results indicate the feasibility of using of the geostatistical methods to predict the life cycle of formed hubs aimed at providing gas to territorial clusters of the European Union countries.

Keywords: GAS MARKET, EUROPEAN UNION, FUEL AND ENERGY BALANCE, DEMAND, IMPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE, LINEAR REGRESSION, CONSUMER COUNTRIES CLUSTERS, FORECAST.

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» Requirements for separation equipment of the gas treatment units at the fields of the Yamal Peninsula

The gas quality of gas treatment at low-temperature separation field facilities depends on a number of parameters, including the efficiency of separation equipment. The analysis of the effect of drip from the end stage of separation on the temperature of the dew points of commercial gas is presented. It is shown that the efficiency of the end stage of separation is a significant factor in the field preparation of natural gases with a small condensate factor, in particular in the Aptian and other upper productive horizons of the Yamal Peninsula fields. It is noted that the existing strict requirements for separation equipment for the natural gases are practically impossible to realize, and they are actually excessive. Technologically acceptable and feasible requirements that provide the required values of the water and hydrocarbons dew points of commercial gas are substantiated. The analysis of the current requirements for the efficiency of separation technology in relation to the Bovanenkovskoe oil and gas condensate field was carried out, the imperfections were shown in substantiating a number of indicators, including separation efficiency, entrainment rate and hydraulic resistance values. The designs of gas separators used at the Bovanenkovskoe oil and gas condensate field are presented and five ways of assembling the internal devices of the low-temperature separator that were tested on the GP-2 production line are discussed. Instrumental measurements of droplet entrainment are considered, the interconnection of entrainment with the requirements to the dew point for hydrocarbons is shown and it is noted that a decrease in entrainment can be achieved by increasing the allowable pressure loss in the separator; however, a significant improvement in the quality of gas treatment is possible. Based on the analysis, recommendations and requirements for gas separation efficiency at the fields with a low condensate ratio are developed.

Keywords: QUALITY GAS INDICATORS, LOW TEMPERATURE SEPARATION, LIQUID ENTRAINMENT FROM SEPARATOR, HYDROCARBON DEW POINT, HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF SEPARATOR.

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» Improvement of the natural gas purification system at fields with declining production on the example of the Zapadno-Tarkosalinsky gas field

The article considers the modernization of the Zapadno-Tarkosalinsky gas field, the development and implementation of a new, safe and cost-effective scheme for the natural gas conditioning to ensure the required temperature of the water dew-point temperature of gas. The proposal developed by the specialists of Gazprom dobycha Noyabrsk LLC for improvement of the natural gas purification system is based on change of the operation of the gas drying department and re-piping of the existing equipment. It is proposed to use idle capacities of backup technological lines with the transition to the sequential two-step absorption scheme “separator – absorber – absorber”. The change of the process of single-stage gas drying (“separator – absorber”) to the two-stage one (“separator – absorber – absorber”) will further decrease the reduced dew-point temperature of the purifying gas by 4.27 ° C, as well as adjust the consumption of triethylene glycol and reduce the loss of absorbent during entrainment. The following work stages is completed: the dependence of the effect of technological parameters and external factors on the water dew-point temperature of gas for the two-year period of operation of the Zapadno-Tarkosalinsky gas field is analyzed; the new purification system of raw gas is developed; the water dew-point temperature of gas is calculated with two-stage gas drying according to the “separator – absorber – absorber" scheme; the comparative analysis of the water dew-point temperature of gas before and after improvement is carried out. The results of the study can be widely used at the fields with declining production.

Keywords: DEW-POINT TEMPERATURE, ABSORPTION, DRYING, GAS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT, ZAPADNO-TARKOSALINSKY GAS FIELD, CONTACT TEMPERATURE, IMPROVEMENT, GAS PURIFICATION SYSTEM.

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» Improving the work efficiency of the unit due to the implementation of the continuous improvement system

At present, the introduction of the operational efficiency system and lean production are very important for Gazprom neft PJSC, since they allow to build a model of people's behavior in which continuous improvements become an integral part of work and life. In 2016, Gazprom neft PJSC started a program of projects to develop the system of continuous improvements of LINiYa, the main goal of which is to improve processes and form a stable system of continuous improvements. This article considers the work carried out by the employees of Gazprom neft PJSC on the analysis of operational activities, development and introduction of actions to improve the business process “Conceptual design of field construction”. The article's scope included the main stages of the LINiYa project. At the first stage, a top-level description of the process was performed in the form of the diagram “Supplier – Input – Process – Output – Client”. The second stage is the design and planning: the optimization work was divided into two steps with the intermediate formation of the value stream map. At the implementation stage, based on the results of the process analysis, activities for its optimization were formed, some of which are aimed at reducing losses, while others are aimed at increasing the value of the process results. After the implementation of the activities, the analysis of their effectiveness was made based on the correspondence of the results with the expectations of the client. The assessment of the correspondence of the results to the target values level was carried out based on the process key performance indicators, formed in this work. As a result of the work on lean manufacturing, the process efficiency was improved in terms of optimizing the timing of process implementation, improving the quality of process results and increasing the efficiency of resource use.

Keywords: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN, FIELD DEVELOPMENT, FIELD CONSTRUCTION, LEAN PRODUCTION, CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTS SYSTEM, OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY, VALUE STREAM MAP, DEMING CIRCLE.

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» The side hole milling and the further sidetrack drilling at the Kirinskoe gas condensate field

The development of the Kirinskoe gas condensate field is one of the main tasks of Gazprom PJSC. The analysis of new scientific and technical solutions for the construction of wells in the offshore conditions is of great practical interest. The article describes the experience of well reconstruction by milling the window from a whipstock in the casing string with a diameter of 339.7 × 10.92 mm and further drilling of the side hole in the well No. P3 of the Kirinskoe gas condensate field using the semisubmersible floating drilling rig “Polar Star”. This method of well reconstruction was applied by Gazprom PJSC on the shelf of the Russian Federation for the first time. The implemented operation allowed preserving the previously drilled and cased wellbore, collecting valuable information on testing the method in the offshore conditions and floating drilling rigs, conducting a cost analysis and assessing the profitability of the overhaul of production wells during future field operation using subsea production systems. The scope of work included drilling of a pilot hole, drilling and casing the producing wellbore. The analysis of the world experience of technical solutions for milling the casing window for such drilling condition was performed. Using computer simulations, the calculations of milling process were carried out and the optimal configuration of the drill string was selected. This was for the first time in Russia offshore, when the well was drilled by semisubmersible floating drilling rig as a whipstock sidetrack from original well.

Keywords: SHELF, DRILLING, RECONSTRUCTION, work over, COMPLICATIONS ELIMINATION, UNDERWATER OPERATION, WHIPSTOCK, MILLING.

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» Review and analysis of methods for assessment of professional and technology-related risks in the domestic and international practice of oil and gas industry

The article presents the review and comparison of use of the basic terms used in the analysis of technology-related and professional risks, their interpretation, translation, and definition in Russia and other countries. The features of international and Russian methodological approaches to the analysis of professional and technology-related risks are considered. The specifics of regulatory documentation are associated with different interpretations of individual terms in the field of occupational health in Russia and in the Western world, which is especially important when standardizing production processes and industrial safety standards during Russian and foreign companies work together, for example, localizing production as a part of the import substitution strategy. The joint industrial safety and labor protection policy declared today by representatives of Shell, Uniper, Linde and other reliable partners of Gazprom PJSC should be based on a common understanding of such basic terms as risk and hazard. A comparative analysis revealed discrepancies between domestic and international terminology in the field of fire prevention on ships and mining platforms. Currently, in the light of the large-scale development of the Arctic shelf fields, the topic of standardization of terminology and rules in this segment is particularly relevant. Comparing the methods of technology-related and occupational risk assessment within the Unified Labor Safety and Industrial Safety Management System of the Gazprom Group companies with the HAZOP and FMEA methods applied in the Western world, the authors revealed a number of significant differences and warn about possible misunderstanding of the main terms in the regulatory and technical documentation when working, for example, with equipment of foreign or joint manufacture.

Keywords: PROFESSIONAL RISK, technology-related risk, RISK ASSESSMENT, PRODUCTION SAFETY, QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS, COMPRESSOR STATION, MAIN GAS PIPELINE, LABOR SAFETY, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY.

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» Change of component composition of liquefied natural gas during its long-term transportation and storage, conditioning methods

The article considers the requirements for the composition of liquefied natural gas, depending on the area of its application, provides indicators of its quality in accordance with the State Standard for grades A, B, C when used in internal combustion engines and in power plants. At different stages of circulation, liquefied natural gas undergoes a number of technological operations, which lead to a decrease in the concentration of low-boiling components and accumulation of heavy-boiling ones, including the crystallizable components. In this regard, the quality degradation of liquefied natural gas is possible, including the formal signs. Degradation of the chemical composition of liquefied natural gas leads to indirect losses due to the discarding the illiquid product. The paper presents methods for calculation of the state of cryogenic systems intended for the storage, transportation and sale of liquefied natural gas. The conditions are obtained that can serve as a criterion for the beginning of the liquefied natural gas degradation. Ways to reduce losses of illiquid liquefied natural gas through the use of methods for its conditioning are proposed. The methods of conditioning of liquefied natural gas are given, which allow maintaining the quality of the chemical composition, also the diagrams of the pressure maintenance station, the unit with the Stirling-cycle refrigerator, the autonomous unit for the liquefied natural gas purification are described, and the description of technological processes is made. The proposals for assessment of changes in the chemical composition of the liquefied natural gas are formulated, the ways to maintain it and the mathods of conditioning to the desired level are noted.

Keywords: LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION DEGRADATION, CONDITIONING.

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» The primary standards for the units of high-pressure natural gas flow rate

The expansion of natural gas networks in Russia and Europe, the new gas pipelines construction lead to increase in the transfer points of natural gas. With account of significant volumes of pumped natural gas, the error in measuring its flow rate can have serious financial and economic consequences. This ultimately increases the demand for reliable and stable reference values for high-pressure gas flow measurements. At present, only a few countries have the national standards of high-pressure natural gas flow rate units, the characteristics of which are confirmed by international comparisons. The various piston provers or the PVTt type systems are usually used as the primary high-precision standards. The article describes their design, the principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages. There is yet no state primary special standard for units of high-pressure natural gas flow rate in the Russian Federation. However, it can be created on the basis of the developed infrastructure of the reference complex of the Ural Regional Metrology Center. Federal State Unitary Enterprise “All-Russian Research Institute of Flow Metering” develops proposals for the implementation of the corresponding project, the main task of which is to create a primary standard prover. The Pigsar piston prover (Germany) can be used as its prototype, which is characterized by high accuracy and relative simplicity of the device. The creation in the Russian Federation of the state primary special standard for high-pressure gas flow rate units will solve a number of problems both in the domestic gas consumption market and in the gas export market, strengthen the country's energy security, strengthen the position of the domestic fuel and energy complex in the international metrology community in ensuring the unity of measurement of natural gas consumption.

Keywords: GAS FLOW RATE, PRIMARY STANDARD, HIGH-PRESSURE NATURAL GAS, PISTON PROVER.

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» Maintenance of production ecological control in the work performance with peak emissions

The article considers the system of industrial environmental control of Gazprom dobycha Orenburg LLC, which was formed in order to ensure environmental safety, in the work performance with peak emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. The basic principles of operation and the procedure for maintenance of control, as well as the means, forces, methods and technologies used to ensure compliance with the requirements of current legislation are considered. The topic of discussion is relevant in view of the social importance of environmental safety and environmental quality in settlements, the technological significance of the work carried out, their complexity, and high degree of the process ordering. The complicated technical support, hardware and software are used to ensure safe work with peak emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in settlements located close to the emission source. The main processes for work control, emission moving, analysis of the spread of the pollutants plume were noted. The system of automated interaction between the company's divisions in the information exchange volume was considered both at the preparatory stage of works and at the stage of their implementation. The detailed description of the system of monitoring, analysis, forecast of the pollutants spread is presented. The forces, means, methods, equipment and software used in the control of the work performance for the pollutants emission into the atmosphere are considered. The mechanism of cooperation between the divisions of Gazprom dobycha Orenburg LLC during the work are indicated.

Keywords: PEAK EMISSION, POLLUTANT, MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, ATMOSPHERIC AIR PROTECTION, POLLUTANTS SPREAD FORECAST.

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Gazovaya promyshlennost’ № 10 2018

Read in this issue:

Drilling and well construction

GAS INDUSTRY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

GEOLOGY AND GAS FIELDS DEVELOPMENT

GAS AND GAS CONDENSATE EXTRACTION

Organization of production and management

SHELF DEVELOPMENT

OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

STANDARTIZATION AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Ecology