Gazovaya promyshlennost’ № 8 2017

The article, in a step-by-step basis (from the conceptual modeling of information streams to the practical implementation of software) reviews the development of an automated information system (AIS) for storing and analyzing the parameters of diagnostics of a gas pumping unit (GPU) for timely warning and prompt identification of deviations from the standard operating conditions. Functional requirements to the structure of data storage and information needs of the AIS’s users are formulated. The developed systems allows promptly obtaining required information both by GPU’s parameters and by the implementation of supporting documentation on incidents on the basis of custom templates. The AIS also enables the user to carry out an analysis of parameter values with the use of their graphic interpretation. At the same time, regulatory documents, which are necessary for the demonstration of the results of the production activity in the course of GPU’s operation throughout its life cycle: investigation reports, GPU’s unplanned outage notices, etc., are formulated in the automated regime. The authors explain their selection of the relational approach to the design of the data base (DB) for the creation of a rational data storage structure. AIS’s software is implemented on a client-server basis.

The article analyses the impact of various factors upon any change of the structure of hollow and pore space of hydrocarbon deposits which takes place under various geological processes. The article throws light upon the main issues which arise in the course of study of the material composition of rock and its transformation under the influence of hydrothermal solutions («deep fluids») which migrate in fault zones that are not infrequently correlated with hydrocarbon fields. It is proved that, when developing hydrocarbon fields, deformational – metasomatic transformations can take place directly in the course of hydrocarbon recovery. A large body of research evidences that the porosity and permeability properties (PPP) of productive sediments and host rock change during the development of hydrocarbon fields both in the bottom hole area and in interwell space. It is beyond any doubt that the degree of change of the PPP of reservoir rock depends on the geometry of hollow and pore space and the presence of fluid-conductive channels. The velocity of deformational – metasomatic transformations of rock largely depends of the composition of fluids and their temperature which is particularly topical for the fields which are developed in Western Siberia and are correlated with «deep-seated fault» zones. Enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are recommended to intensify their use of best research practices of transforming rock under the influence of hydrothermal solutions and «aggressive» reservoir water and are correlated with hyperpermeability zones (faults). The authors propose their qualification of the main stages of deformational – metasomatic change of sedimentary rock as a result of its transformation.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of an impact of energy exchange between the elements of the formation system upon the energy potential of formation gas during the development of a gas deposit. As in many cases, the target values of ultimate gas recovery are set at rather high levels (up to 0.95–0.98) at a later stage of development, the most important task is to ensure favorable conditions for the most complete recovery of gas and its movement under the influence of its own elastic energy from the feed circuit to the bottom hole, along the well shaft and in underground communications up to the compressor plant which gives gas additional energy, first of all, for its subsequent delivery to the main gas pipeline. As the deposit is being depleted in the process of development, there are at least two thermodynamic processes aimed at decreasing the temperature of gas which is delivered to the well’s bottom hole: formation gas expansion and gas throttling. At the same time, significant heat-absorbing capacity of the bearing strata leads to gas receiving additional energy in the form of heat, which contributes to its thermostatic control and elastic energy increase which improves the conditions of its transportation from the bed to the booster compressor station (BCS). Energy-related research of gas filtration in the pay bed is deemed to be useful, especially at a later stage of field development when there occur additional resistances in the director of gas travel at all stages of the path from the bed to the complex gas treatment plant (CGTP), which are related to an increase in liquid phase content. The results of relevant calculations will allow designing events aimed at further developing a gas deposit based upon more comprehensive gas field information which will contribute to the improvement of scientific validation of research and engineering solutions which are adopted.

There has recently arisen a need for replenishing the oil and gas recovery volumes with the help of the fields located in the northern part of the country. In view of this, the issue of oil and gas transport under extreme climatic and geotechnical conditions of the Arctic climate becomes topical and well-timed. In particular, one may witness in the region photoperiodicity interruptions in the period of a polar day and a polar night, changes in geomagnetic intensity, increases of the level of non-ionizing cosmic radiation, violent oscillations of the atmosphere pressure, decreases of the oxygen partial pressure in the air, polar stress syndrome, etc., which all increase the possibility of accidents, injuries and occupational diseases of the personnel. Annual cumulative financial damage caused by industrial disasters, expenses on the liquidation of accidents and their consequences in the Russian Federation, amount to dozens of billions of Rubles. A significant part of these expenses relates to accidents at hazardous production facilities (HPF). In this context the occupational risk assessment and management based upon a system analysis of possible causes of occupational diseases and the rate of injuries in the workplace, forecasting their consequences and adopting adequate technical and organizational decisions, are necessary for the safety provision in the workplaces. The article reviews the main terms of the occupational risk theory and proposes a concept for the calculation of the said occupational risk levels, analyzes the existing methods of qualitative and quantitative risk assessment, the results of occupational risk assessment at gas transport enterprises in Arctic and Sub-Arctic climatic conditions and give recommendations on occupational risk management with due regard for specific labor conditions.

At present almost all gas pipeline branches (GPB) with a diameter less than 300 mm operated by Gazprom PJSC, are not equipped with stationary scraper receiving and launching stations and do not allow carrying out an in-line cleaning, high-quality in-line technical diagnostics and obtaining comprehensive information about the condition of pipes of the gas pipeline. The solution to this problem is a temporary connection of factory-built scraper receiving and launching stations to the existing gas pipeline through the ball valves of an underground installation with subsequent disassembly of the stations without discharging gas into the atmosphere, which ensures that the risk of a negative impact upon the environment is reduced and that the safety and security of the people are increased. By order of Gazprom Transgaz Moskva, experts of Gasprojectengineering SOJSC developed unified design solutions (UDS) to carry out an in-line inspection of the linear part of main gas pipelines. The article presents the results of the analysis performed by the designers which is dedicated to the feasibility of application of the developed design solutions for GPB with small diameters; the article reviews the operating conditions for the connection of in-line scraper receiving and launching stations; the article presents the obtained calculation model which allows establishing possible causes of failure and process parameters which ensure an effective operating mode with the use of the proposed method in specific operating conditions.

The article presents a solution to a topical applied issue of gas quality management in an extended multi-layer and isolated underwater high-pressure gas pipeline under a non-stationary non-isothermal operating mode. A mathematical model and a calculation algorithm for the blend composition, pressure, velocity and temperature of a non-stationary non-isothermal gas flow in the context of high working pressures, are developed. The following calculation experiment was carried out with the use of the developed model: we reviewed the issue of gas quality management when there is an off-nominal situation and also the variants of control actions.

The article analyses the development prospects of the gas industry in the light of the consequences of the global climate change. The planet insolation calculation shows that Earth’s global climate change is governed by natural reasons, the main of which being the decrease of the angle of inclination of the rotation axis, which therefore leads to the amplification of inter-latitude heat exchange – the amplification of work of «the heat machine of the first genus» (cited by V.V. Shuleykin). There are two reasons for the inclination change of the rotation axis: precession (with a period of around 25.7 thousand years) and nutation (with a period of around 19 years). Self-oscillation (with a period of around 60 on average), which is generated in the system «ocean-atmosphere», overlaps the trend of the global temperature change which is established by precession and 19 year-long variations related to nutation. Based upon a regression model, one made forecasts for the change of the global near-surface temperature of air and the temperature of oceans up to 2050. The forecast shows that the global temperature in the period from 2017 to 2050 in the Northern hemisphere will be above the norm established for the period 1961-1990. Even in the minimums (2024 and 2043) of the upcoming period, the temperature will exceed the average temperature for the period 1961–1990. However the temperature will be below the norm of the previous period 1992–2016 near these minimums. Without regard for other factors, except for climatic ones, it is assumed that when the global temperature has decreased from 2020 and 2027 and from 2040 to 2045, the global demand for hydrocarbon fuel will be growing, whereas the periods of global temperature increases will be declining. Therefore the natural gas transportation and recovery conditions (which also determine the cost of gas) will also be changing,