Территория Нефтегаз № 11 2016

» New Trends For Estimating Of The Impact Of Corrosion On Fatique Life Of Offshore Oil And Gas Installations

In the article discusses the features of the corrosion processes for offshore oil and gas construction (MNGS). After analyzing the existing theories in the field of evaluation of fatigue life of offshore structures, the author concludes that the key requirement for the estimation of lifetime of objects on the shelf is the correct assessment of their stress state. The author proposes to evaluate the impact of corrosion on the durability of MNGS from the point of view of increasing the amplitude of the alternating stress, leading to fatigue failure. Addresses the types of corrosion damage: a solid surface, leading to thinning of the wall thickness of elements with a uniform reduction in the overall bearing capacity, and peptic ulcer, in which corrosion defects cause local stress concentration. For structural elements MNGS exposed to continuous corrosion, the author calculated a new formula that establishes the relationship between the value of the coefficient of stress concentration, geometric dimensions of the elements and the duration of their operation. Also proposed and implemented an approach that allows the numerical calculation of values of coefficients of stress concentration (K) for various sizes of defects in ulcerative lesions of offshore structures. The values for welded joints of the studied objects, depending on the duration of operation and form of the applied load. Based on the data obtained on the example of t-welded joints of fixed offshore platforms the author has shown how the estimated reduced duration of operation of the connections platform with the introduction of corrosion calculation of coefficients of stress concentration. The result of this work is to obtain formulas that determine the values of corrosion factors, stress concentration and to clarify the duration of operation of MNGS.

Keywords: offshore oil and gas structures, variables, stresses, defects, corrosion, solid corrosion and ulcer corrosion, service life, fatigue life, online.

Authors:

I.V. Starokon, e-mail: starokon79@mail.ru Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Borodavkin P.P. Offshore Oil And Gas Facilities, Textbook for high schools, Part. 1 – Engineering. Мoscow, Nedra-Businesscentre LLC, 2006, 555 pp. (In Russian)
Gubaidulin R.G., Gubaidulin M.R., Tingaev A.K. Determination Of The Residual Life Of Offshore Stationary Platform Support Block. Akademicheskii vestnik UralNIIproekt RAASN = Academic Reporter of Ural Research and Design Institute Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, 2012, No. 1, P. 80–85. (In Russian)
Serensen S.V., Kogaev V.P. et al. Bearing Capacity And Durability Calculations For Machine Parts, Guide and Reference Manual. Мoscow, Mashinostroenie, 1975, 488 pp. (In Russian)
Klykov N.A. Calculation Of The Fatigue Resistance Characteristics Of Welded Joints. Мoscow, Mashinostroenie, 1984, 160 pp. (In Russian)
Kolgushkin A.V., Belyaev N.D. Influence Of Natural Factors On The Corrosion Rate Of Sea GTS. Predotvrashchenie avarii zdanii i sooruzhenii = Prevention of accidents of buildings and facilities, 2009. Access mode: http://www.pamag.ru/src/pressa/137.pdf. Application date 17.11.2016. (In Russian)
DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue Design of Offshore Steel Structures. Norway, 2010, 142 pp.

For citation:
Starokon I.V. New Trends For Estimating Of The Impact Of Corrosion On Fatique Life Of Offshore Oil And Gas Installations (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 76–80.

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» The Features Of Using Metallized Protective Coatings For Corrosion Protection Of Steel Structures Operating In Marine Environment

The article describes the data of standards and other regulatory documents concerning applicability and corrosion resistance of metallized coatings and metallized lacquer-and-paint coatings for protection of steel structures operated in seawater. The most efficient corrosion protection is demonstrated by combined metallized and lacquer-and-paint coatings. Applying chemical-resistant polymeric coatings on metal layer allows for obtaining the protective systems resistant in the environments with increased content of aggressive substances. Metal layer acts as the protection of the base metal and polymeric coating contributes to increased coating density. In combined coating metal layer ensures maximum adhesion of lacquer-and-paint materials due to porosity and roughness (the so-called impregnation), thus considerably increasing their service life. Pursuant to GOST 9.304-87, RD GM-01-02 and other regulatory documents service life of corrosion protection in marine environment reaches 30 and more years. For this purpose zinc and aluminum coatings applied with electric arc or gas-fired methods in combination with lacquer-and-paint coatings are recommended. However the foregoing regulatory documents do not specify the composition of the coating material that is preferred for marine operations. To check adequacy of the proposed coating thickness and identify the specific features of oxide layer formation, this paper contains the study of coatings obtained by electric-arc spraying of wires from Zn and Al, as well as from the following alloys: Zn-Al (15 %), Аl-Mn (2 %) and Al-Mg (5 %). The results of laboratory corrosion tests of zinc, aluminum coatings and coatings from some aluminum alloys, as well as Zn-Al alloy obtained by electric-arc spraying are shown. During the studies the samples covered with metallized protective layer were allowed to mature with complete immersion in 3% NaCl water solution during 720 hours. After maturing mass corrosion rate was determined. Taking into account the density of the protective layer metal, line corrosion rate was calculated, which is the criterion of corrosion protection efficiency. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the best corrosion resistance was exhibited by the coating made of commercially pure aluminum and the worst one - by Zn-Al alloy. It should be noted that, taking into account the obtained line corrosion rate, using metallized protective layer only does not ensure the service life specified in the regulatory documents. This determines an important role of polymer component in ensuring stability of protective coatings in seawater.

Keywords: corrosion, gas-thermal coatings, seawater.

Authors:

O.Yu. Yelagina, e-mail: elaguina@mail.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

A.V. Buryakin, e-mail: albur55@yandex.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

V.V. Zhuk, e-mail: vv.zhu11@gmail.com QUARTS Group LLC (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Rabinovich V.A., Khavin Z.Ya. Summary Chemical Reference Book: Handbook. Edited by A.A. Potekhin and A.I. Efimov, 3rd ed., revised and amended, Leningrad, Khimiya, 1991, 432 pp. (In Russian)
Sinyavskiy V.S., Valkov V.D., Kalinin V.D. Corrosion And Protection Of Aluminum Alloys. 2nd ed., revised and amended, Moscow, Metallurgiya, 1986, 368 pp. (In Russian)
Aliyev A.F. Electrophysical Researches Into Corrosion Of Aluminum Alloys In Waters Of High-Range Salt Composition: Collection of articles, 2006, 19 pp., fig. (In Russian)
Zhang X. Atmospheric Corrosion Of Zinc-Aluminum And Copperbased Alloys In Chloride-Rich Environments. Stockholm, Sweden, Elseiver, 2014, 92 p.
Varadarajan A. Dross Formation Mechanism and Development of Wear Resistant Scraper in 55Al-1.5Si-Zn Coating Bath. Morgantown, West Virginia, 2008, 117 p.

For citation:
Yelagina O.Yu., Buryakin A.V., Zhuk V.V. The Features Of Using Metallized Protective Coatings For Corrosion Protection Of Steel Structures Operating In Marine Environment (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 70–75.

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» Software Package «Avtotehnolog» – An Element Of The Import Substitution System Software For The Oil Industry In Russia

The sanctions against the Russian Federation in the field of fuel and energy complex include a ban on the supply and use of special software used by Russian and foreign companies in the territory of Russia. Selection and diagnostics program for downhole pumping systems were among the sanction SW complexes. Imposition of sanctions has forced these structures to draw attention to Russia's developments, including the software package «Avtotehnolog» created in Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU). The need for such complexes was due the transition of the oil industry to the stimulation of oil production system, where the depression in the formation has increased, negative influence of free gas and solids submitted by the formation liquid increased dramatically. Currently SW «Avtotehnolog» includes several blocks. The «Avtotehnolog + Salt» is interactive and allows selection and diagnosis of any downhole pumping systems for oil production (electric drive centrifugal pumps, jet pumps, sucker rod pumps, screw pumps and so on). Program «Avtotehnolog + Energy» and «Avtotehnolog Manager of rod pumps» are operating in automatic mode, and are designed to monitor the work of mechanized wells equipped with electrically and rod pumps, as well as for the automated selection of optimal variant of the «formation – well – pump unit» system. The source of information for software systems is the process mode and data base of oil-field equipment.

Keywords: import substitution, selection of downhole pumping systems, diagnostics, monitoring, electrically driven pump systems, jet pumping units, sucker rod pumping units, screw pumping units, energy efficiency.

Authors:

A.A. Sabirov, e-mail: sabirov@gubkin.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) (Moscow, Russia).

V.N. Ivankovskiy, e-mail: ivanovskivn@rambler.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) (Moscow, Russia).

I.N. Gerasimov, e-mail: haertsss@rambler.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) (Moscow, Russia).

К.I. Klimenko, e-mail: workgr@mail.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) (Moscow, Russia).

D.N. Krasnoborov, e-mail: dnk77@list.ru LUKOIL-Perm LLC (Perm, Russia).

References:

Ivanovskiy V.N., Sabirov A.A., Frolov S.V. Bases of creation and operation of software and hardware complexes for selection and diagnostics downhole pumping systems for crude oil production. Neftepromyslovoe delo = Petroleum Engineering, 2000, No. 4. (In Russian)
Darischev V.I., Ivanovskiy V.N., Kashtanov V.S. and etc. Software package «Avtotehnolog» – universal tool for optimizing the «formation – well – pump unit» system. Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2006, No. 2, P. 12–17. (In Russian)
Ivanovskiy V.N., Sabirov A.A., Donskoy Yu.A., Yakimov S.B. Forecasting as a way to deal with salt deposits in wells equipped with an electric pumps. Neftianoe khoziaistvo = Oil Industry, 2009, No. 6, P. 73–75. (In Russian)
Ivanovskiy V.N., Sabirov A.A., Degovtsov A.V. and etc. Selection of the parameters of the jet pump upon the well parameters in the software package «Avtotehnolog». Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2015, No. 4, P. 26–30. (In Russian)
Sabirov A.A. Software systems for selection, optimization and monitoring of the mechanized equipment of oil wells. Neftegazovaia vertical = Oil and gas vertical, 2015, No. 19, P. 77–80. (In Russian)

For citation:
Sabirov A.A., Ivankovskiy V.N., Gerasimov I.N., Klimenko К.I., Krasnoborov D.N. Software Package «Avtotehnolog» – An Element Of The Import Substitution System Software For The Oil Industry In Russia (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 22–26.

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» Models Customizing For Real-Time Process Control By Technical-Economic Values

The paper discusses the issues of situation models applying for technical-economic values calculation for the purpose of real-time control of oil refining and petrochemistry processes. The analysis conducted is that of influence of unmeasured and measured (process mode parameters) feature variables, such as catalyst activity, feed data on the model parameters. It is shown that at a change of the unmeasured feature variable the situation models with linear structure can be adjusted by means of an absolute polynomial term change for oil refining and petrochemistry processes. The algorithm of adjustment of linear situation calculation models of technical-economic values during normal facility operation is suggested.

Keywords: situation modeling, quality indicators, model customizing, real-time control.

Authors:

A.P. Verevkin, e-mail: apverevkin@mail.ru; Ufa State Petroleum Technical University (Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia).
T.M. Murtazin Ufa State Petroleum Technical University (Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia).

References:

Pospelov D.D. Case management: Theory and practice. Мoscow, Nauka, 1986, 184 pp. (In Russian)
Verevkin A.P. Features of problems of crude oil mixtures separation control in CDU. Neft’ i Gaz = Oil & Gas, 1996, No. 3, P. 82–84. (In Russian)
Verevkin A.P., Kolesnik D.V., Husniyarov M.Kh. Simulation of an operational definition of the melt index to control the manufacturing process of polyethylene. Bashkirskii khimicheskii zhurnal = Bashkir chemical journal, 2013, Vol. 20, No. 1, P. 69–74. (In Russian)
Verevkin A.P., Murtazin T.M. Optimizing the management of process modes of refining units on the basis of predictive models. Intelligent Control Systems, Ed. by member of RAS S.N. Vasiliev. Мoscow, Mashinostroenie, 2010, P. 231–236. (In Russian)
Verevkin A.P., Murtazin T.M., Linetskiy R.M., Husniyarov M.H. Optimization of crude oil refining processes control in terms of technical and economic efficiency (for example, VR viscosity breaking). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2013, No. 5, P. 18–22. (In Russian)
Digo G.B., Digo N.B., Mozharovskiy I.S., Torgashov A.Yu. Research of identification methods for models of distillation column quality indicators virtual analyzers. Modelirovanie system = Simulation systems, 2011, No. 4 (30), P. 17–27. (In Russian)
Murtazin T.M. Calculation of product quality indicators in the operational process control of diesel hydrotreatment. Col. of thes. II All-Russian scientific-practical internet conference «Problems of processes automation in production, transportation and processing of crude oil and gas.» Ufa, Publishing center of Ufa State Oil Technical University, 2014, P. 46–48. (In Russian)
Tsypkin Ya.Z. Fundamentals of information theory of identification. Мoscow, Nauka, 1984, 320 pp. (In Russian)
Bard Y. Nonlinear Parameter Estimation. Мoscow, Statistics, 1979, 349 pp. (In Russian)
Verevkin A.P., Kiriushin O.V., Murtazin T.M., Urazmetov Sh.F. Adaptation method of models for operational assessment of petrochemical production quality indicators (for example, the production of ethylene-propylene rubber). Neftegazovoe delo = Oil and gas business, 2013, Vol. 11, No. 4, P. 127–133. (In Russian)
RF Patent No. 2536822. Control method of polymerization process of ethylene propylene synthetic rubbers. Authors – A.P. Verevkin, O.V. Kiryushin, T.M. Murtazin, Sh.F. Urazmetov. Applicant and the patentee – Ufa State Oil Technical University. No. 2013139849/04, appl. 27.08.2013, publ. 27.12.2014, bul. No. 36, 8 pp. (In Russian)
Verevkin A.P., Kiryushin O.V., Urazmetov Sh.F. Investigation of the relationship between the dynamic viscosity and polymer Mooney viscosity in the example of ethylene-propylene rubber for process control purposes. Bashkirskii khimicheskii zhurnal = Bashkir chemical journal, 2012, Vol. 19, No. 4, P. 16–19. (In Russian)
Khavkin V.A., Chernyshev Ye.A., Belyaeva L.A. Hydrogenation processes for the production of motor fuels. Ufa, Institute of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemistry of the Republic of Bashkortostan SUE Publishing House, 2013, 264 pp. (In Russian)
Gun R.B. Petroleum asphalts. Мoscow, Khimia, 1973, 548 pp. (In Russian)
Verevkin A.P., Kiryushin O.V. Automation of processes and production in oil refining and petrochemicals. Ufa, Publishing House of Ufa State Oil Technical University, 2005, 171 pp. (In Russian)

For citation:
Verevkin A.P., Murtazin T.M. Models Customizing For Real-Time Process Control By Technical-Economic Values (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 16–21.

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» Review Of Intratubal Radiographic And Diagnostic Transportation Means Designs – Crawlers

The article investigates the latest developments in the field of intratubal diagnostics transportation means – crawlers. The main objectives of the development of these structures are to improve the performance properties (for example, due to its modular design, the specific orientation of the driving wheels and non-console arrangement of X-ray apparatus), the expansion of the technical capabilities and the potential of further modernization of the device. The article describes the design of the two groups of crawlers. The first is intended for radiographic diagnosis of welded joints in the construction and repair of pipelines, the second group – for compressor stations piping arrangement (CS PA) diagnosis. A series of tests on full-scale facility showed that the first group of crawlers in the result of weld seam scanning with microfocal x-ray machine during the selection of the characteristics of scanning (scanning speed, distance from the focal spot to weld seam, output power) allow obtaining a predetermined quality of radiographic images. For effective solution of tasks the second group of crawlers faces, the authors have developed an innovative type of propulsion device that allows the device to pass all sections of pipe studs confidently with reduced power consumption. The article also considers the diagnostic system as part of the crawler and «Trubolaz» device allowing effective inspection of CS PA lateral outlets.

Keywords: crawlers, radiographic diagnostics, diagnostics of studs, propulsion device, diagnostic equipment.

Authors:

R.A. Munasypov, e-mail: rust40@mail.ru; V.Ye. Ufa State Aviation Technical University (Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia).

Skvortsov, e-mail: skvortsovufa@mail.ru Ufa State Aviation Technical University (Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia).

References:

X-ray crawler (options) – Patent No. 2552889, Russian Federation. Patent holder – V.Ye. Skvortsov; published on 10.06.2012, Bul. No. 16. (In Russian)
X-ray crawler – Patent No. 2482375, Russian Federation. Patent holder – V.Ye. Skvortsov; published on 20.05.2013, Bul. No. 14. (In Russian)
Independent intratubal device – Patent No. 2509255, Russian Federation. Patent holder – V.Ye. Skvortsov; published on 10.03.2014, Bul.
No. 7. (In Russian)

For citation:
Munasypov R.A., Skvortsov V.Ye. Review Of Intratubal Radiographic And Diagnostic Transportation Means Designs – Crawlers (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016. No. 11, P. 64–67.

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» Drilling in situ Models

Article is devoted to a question of a choice of the physical model of drilling received in the course of drilling. It has to be less expensive, convenient in operation and real-time mode, i.e. the in situ model. In article the existing methods of physical and mathematical modeling, including analytical and statistical are considered. The purpose of work is transfer to the category in situ of the developed physical model which is received in the field in the course of drilling. Development mathematical (analytical and statistical) models of drilling, physical (mechanical specific energy, hydro mechanical specific energy) and other models is given. Creation and development of drilling in situ model is considered. The Drill-off test as the competing physical model applied to optimization of parameters of drilling is opposed. Historical development and improvement of dependence of speed of drilling on weight on a bit is given and linearity of dependence of speed on revolutions per minute locates. These dependences are included into drilling model for process optimization. In a situation of construction them in the field, on a boring platform they become drilling in situ model. As an example, the drilling in situ model constructed in the field on real wells are given 2D and 3D. The section the last is devoted to realization of drilling in situ model in a choice of parameters of drilling and a choice of the best bits. Parameters of loading are chosen to a critical zone of restriction and revolutions per minute in full of the available revolutions per minute. A bit one is chosen the best on a driving and bits three on speed drillings the best. They surpass serial bits from 60 % to 300 % in drilling speed. In the conclusion it is possible to tell that drilling in situ model very available physical model of the experimental direction. The model is established directly in the field in the course of drilling. It doesn't take time from the planned time for drilling. The model is suitable for optimization in a field and in real-time mode.

Keywords: rocks, cone roller bits, microbits, drilling capacity, model of drilling, load of a bit, frequency of rotation, cleaning of a face.

Authors:

S.V. Sinev, e-mail: stanislav-vs@mail.ru Drillexp SSME (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Speer J.W. A Method for Determining Optimum Drilling Techniques. Presented at the Spring Meeting of the Southern District, Division of Production, Houston, Texas, February, 1958.
Mammadov F. Developing drilling optimization program for Galle and Woods method. Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2010, 107 р.
Galle E.M., Woods H.B. Variable Weight And Rotary Speed For Lowest Drilling Cost. Proceeding of the AAODC Annual Meeting, New Orleans, 1960.
Galle E.M., Woods H.B. Best Constant Weight and Rotary Speed for Rotary Rock Bits. AIME Drilling and Production Practice, 1963, pp. 48–55.
Boryczko P. Drill Bit Selection And Optimization In Exploration Well 6507/6-4A in the Nordland Ridge Area. Faculty of Science and Technology, M.Sc, Petroleum Engineering/Drilling, 2012, 72 р.
Warren T.M. Penetration – Rate Performance of Roller – Cone Bits. SPE, Amoco Production Co, 1987.
Bourgoyne Jr., A.T., Young Jr., F.S. A Multiple Regression Approach to Optimal Drilling and Abnormal Pressure Detection, SPE Journal, 1974, Vol. 14(4): 371–384.
Eren T. Real-Time-Optimization Of Drilling Parameters During Drilling Operations. Petroleum and natural gas engineering, Dissertation of Doctor of philosophy, February, 2010, 145 p.
Miyora Thomas Ong’au. Modelling And Optimization Of Drilling Parameters – A Case Study Of Well MW-17 In Menengai Kenya. University of Iceland, 2014, 102 p.
Nascimento A., Kutas D.T., Elmgerbi A., Thonhauser G. and Mathias M.H. Mathematical Modeling Applied to Drilling Engineering: An Application of Bourgoyne and Young ROP Model to a Presalt Case Study. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015, Vol. 2015, Article ID 631290, 9 p.
Simmons E.L. A Technique for Accurate Bit Programming and Drilling Performance Optimization. IADC/SPE 14784, Drilling Conference, Dallas, TX, February 1986.
Kaiser M.J. A Survey of Drilling Cost and Complexity Estimation Models. International Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology, 2007, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1–22.
Teale R. The Concept of Specific Energy in Rock Drilling. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1965, 2, pp. 57–73.
Hamrick T.R. Optimization of Operating Parameters for Minimum Mechanical Specific Energy in Drilling, Morgantown, West Virginia, Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy, 2011, 147 р.
Kshitij M., Faraaz A., and Robello S., Comprehensive Hydromechanical Specific Energy Calculation for Drilling Efficiency. Houston, TX J. Energy Resour. Technol 137(1), 012904, Sep 03, 2014, 8 p.
Robello S. Modeling and Analysis of Drillstring Vibration in Riserless Environment. ASME J. Energy Res. Technol., 135(1), p. 013101, Nov 15, 2012, 11 p.
Kshitij M., Faraaz A., Robello S. Tracking Drilling Efficiency Using Hydro-Mechanical Specific Energy. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009, 12 p.
Shchelchkova I.N., Sinev S.V. The Features Of Physical Simulation Of Drilling With Micro-Bits. Stroitelstvo neftianykh i gazovykh skvazhin na sushe i na more = Construction of oil and gas wells on-shore and off-shore, 2011, No. 6, P. 12–18. (In Russian)
Shchelchkova I.N., Sinev S.V. The Micro-Bit Drilling Bench And Some Aspects Of The Results Obtaining Method. Stroitelstvo neftianykh i gazovykh skvazhin na sushe i na more = Construction of oil and gas wells on-shore and off-shore, 2011, No. 7, P. 15–23. (In Russian)
Potapov Yu.F., Makhonko V.D., Shevaldin P.E. Research Into The Dependence Of Drilling Bits Performance Indicators On The Drilling Mode Parameters: Scientific and Technical Review. Moscow, VNIIOENG, 1971. (In Russian)
Drilling Engineering Workbook A Distributed Learning Course. 80270H Rev. B, Dec 1995, Baker Hughes, pp. 359–363.
Shreyner L.A., et al. Mechanical And Abrasive Properties Of Rocks. Moscow, Gostoptekhizdat, 1958, 202 pp. (In Russian)
Zhlobinsky B.A. Rock Dynamic Destruction At Impression. Moscow, Nedra, 1970, 152 pp. (In Russian)
Fedorov V.S. Drilling Mode Design. Moscow, Gostoptekhizdat, 1958, 215 pp. (In Russian)
Shreyner L.A., et al. Rock Deformation Properties At High Pressure And Temperature. Moscow, Nedra, 1968, 358 pp. (In Russian)
Sinev S.V. Using The Drilling Process Models For Operational Correction Of Its Modes. Stroitelstvo neftianykh i gazovykh skvazhin na sushe i na more = Construction of oil and gas wells on-shore and off-shore, 2010, No. 2, P. 17–23. (In Russian)
Sinev S.V. Drilling Process Models Of Deep Wells. Gazovaia promyshlennost = Gas industry, 2010, No. 3, P. 62–65. (In Russian)
Yunin E.K. Introduction To The Deep Drilling Dynamics. Moscow, Librokom Book House, 2012, 264 pp. (In Russian)
Gelfgat Ya.A., Orlov A.V., Finkelshtein G.E. On Establishing Some Empirical Dependence Of Bits Performance Indicators On Drilling Mode Parameters In The Field. Burenie glubokikh skvazhin = Deep well drilling. Moscow, Gostoptekhizdat, 1963, Papers of VNIIBT, Issue IX, P. 13–23. (In Russian)
Wilson D.C., and Bentsen R.G. Optimization Techniques for Minimizing Drilling Costs, SPE 3983, 47th SPE Annual Fall Meeting, San Antonio, October 1972.
Patent 2507363 RF Roller-cone bit, S.V. Sinev, 2014, Bul. No. 5. (In Russian)
Patent 2515795 RF Roller-cone drilling bit, S.V. Sinev, 2014, Bul. No. 14. (In Russian)
Utility model patent 138137 RF. Roller-cone drilling tool for construction of horizontal wells, S.V. Sinev, 2014, Bul. No. 6. (In Russian)
Patent 2513650 RF Multistage roller-cone drilling tool, S.V. Sinev, 2014, Bul. No. 11. (In Russian)

For citation:
Sinev S.V. Drilling in situ Models (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 41–49.

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» Improvement In The Equipment Of The Drilling Bit Roller Cutter Leading Rows

The results of work aimed at improving the design of teeth at the leading rows of roller-cone bits to minimize the effect of bottomhole ridges and depressions formation are shown. The main causes of the bottomhole ridges and depressions formation effect during oil and gas well drilling are determined. The schematic diagram of the helical structure of the roller-cone tool is developed allowing for avoidance of bottomhole ridges and depressions formation by using: multidirectional structure of the leading rows at all three roller cutters (the first roller cutter has spur or helical structure with minimum inclination angle towards a certain side, the second roller cutter has helical structure with right helix angle and the third roller cutter – helical structure with left helix angle); asymmetric teeth with different level and direction of asymmetry at all roller cutters; different spacing of teeth at the leading row structure at each of the three roller cutters providing that the teeth spacing at each next roller cutter is longer than that of the previous one by approximately 1/3 of the first roller cutter teeth spacing; kinematic characteristics of roller cutter leading rows ensuring minimum probability of the ridges and depressions formation effect. Equipment of roller-cone bits with the teeth having the proposed structure will allow for enhancement of rock destruction with the tool due to higher quality of the bottomhole surface levelling and minimizing the effect of the bottomhole ridges and depressions formation within the entire process of the tool operation. Eventually, these activities will result in increased mechanical drilling rate and increased sinking per bit with simultaneous reduction of the drilling operations cost.

Keywords: roller-cone bit, bottomhole ridges and depressions formation, leading row, gear ratio.

Authors:

D.Yu. Serikov, e-mail: serrico@rambler.ru Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Inventor's certificate of the USSR No. 825835. Roller cutter of the drilling bit, A.N. Popov, A.I. Spivak, B.N. Trushkin, et al. Published on 30.04.1981. (In Russian)
Serikov D.Yu. Enhancing the efficiency of roller-cone drilling tool with helical cutting structure. Moscow, Oil and Gas, 2015. (In Russian)
Vinogradov V.N., Shreyber G.K., Sorokin G.M. Destruction mechanism of drilling bit roller cutter teeth. Neftianoe khoziaistvo = Oil facility, 1966, No. 3. (In Russian)

For citation:
Serikov D.Yu. Improvement In The Equipment Of The Drilling Bit Roller Cutter Leading Rows (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 34–40.

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» Destruction Of Drill Pipe Pins While In Service

The article deals with causes of drill pipes' pin fractures in the process of their make-up at negative ambient temperatures.
The fatigue crack initiation in the area of pin fillet exposed to alternate bending stresses, which are materialized in this zone in the process of pipes movement on slant drilling sites without firm contact between pin retaining shoulder seat and coupling face, takes precedence of fracture.
Low pin metallic brittle-fracture resistance at negative temperature promotes final pin break with existing fatigue crack during repeated make-up.
Zones of further propagating fracture have fibrous structure of fracture surfaces, that is typical for unitary application of load.
Heretofore fracture of similar nature in the shape of through cracks oriented in radial direction, appeared in drill pipes' tool joints after their service on slant drilling sites.
Alongside the analysis of criteria of fracture and pin fracture nature, there were fulfilled works on chemistry determination, strength and plastic properties of damaged pins' metal and its' impact toughness in temperature band from minus 32 °С till plus 20 °С.
The metal of pin threaded portions of drill pipes which were removed from couplings, was used for conducting tests.
For prevention of brittle fracture of drill pipes' pins under assembly at negative ambient temperatures it seems appropriate before screwing up the pin into the coupling to heat them previously up to temperature not lower than 10–15 °С.
Determination of drill pipes damage causes appears the most pressing in terms of in-service pipes breakdown prevention and industrial safety maintenance in the process of bore-hole drilling.

Keywords: drill pipes, pin fracture, tightening torque, fatigue cracks, negative temperature, pin metal embrittlement

Authors:

A.P. Korchagin; IrkutskNIIhimmash JSC (Irkutsk, Russia).
V.V. Klimov, e-mail: klimov@himmash.irk.ru; IrkutskNIIhimmash JSC (Irkutsk, Russia).
N.V. Barinova, e-mail: barinnat@yandex.ru; IrkutskNIIhimmash JSC (Irkutsk, Russia).
A.O. Murashov, e-mail: al.o.murashov@gmail.com IrkutskNIIhimmash JSC (Irkutsk, Russia).

References:

Fractography and atlas of fracture patterns. Reference guide under the editorship of M.L. Bernshtein. Moscow, Metallurgy, 1982. 487 p. (In Russian)
Fridman Ya.B., Gordeeva T.A., Zaytsev A.M. Structure and analysis of metal fractures. Moscow, Mashgiz, 1960. 127 p. (In Russian)
GOST 5286-75. Drilling tool joints. Moscow, Standards Publishing House, 1994. 26 p. (In Russian)
GOST 27834-95. Tool joints for drill pipes. Specifications. Moscow, STANDARTINFORM, 2008. 12 p. (In Russian)

For citation:
Korchagin A.P., Klimov V.V., Barinova N.V., Murashov A.O. Destruction Of Drill Pipe Pins While In Service (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 28–32.

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» Analysis Of Energy Management Systems Of Organizations In The Application Of Global Best Practices And Implementation Strategies At Gazprom PJSC

One of the strategic directions of the effective implementation of energy saving policy at Gazprom PJSC is to improve the power management system. This activity results in the need to incorporate progressive international experience in the field of power saving (energy management). The article defines the main directions of the organization works to improve the existing management system of Gazprom PJSC at all levels, taking into account the recommendations of the relevant national standards of Russia. In addition, it determines main directions of activity of Gazprom PJSC for the implementation of the accumulated experience of power saving management and energy efficiency improvement.

Keywords: energy management system, energy saving, energy saving management system, energy efficiency, management organization improvement, power saving management monitoring.

Authors:

G.A. Khvorov, e-mail: G_Khvorov@vniigaz.gazprom.ru; Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC (Moscow, Russia).

М.V. Yumashev, e-mail: M_Yumashev@vniigaz.gazprom.ru Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Russian Federation Law No. 261-FZ dated 23.11.2009 «On energy saving and energy efficiency improvements and on Amendments to certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.» (In Russian)
Gazprom OJSC Order No. 77 dated 09.10.2000 «On the organization of energy saving works at Gazprom OJSC.» (In Russian)
Energy saving concept at Gazprom OJSC for the period 2001–2010. Approved by the Chairman of the Board of Gazprom OJSC 13.04.2001. (In Russian)
Energy saving and energy efficiency improvement concept at Gazprom OJSC for the period 2011–2020. Approved by Gazprom OJSC Order No. 364, dated 08.12.2010. (In Russian)
ISO 50001:2011 Energy management systems – Requirements with guidance for use (IDT).
GOST R ISO 50001:2012 «Energy Management Systems. Application requirements and manual.» (In Russian)
STO Gazprom Transgaz St. Petersburg 32-01-03-2011 «Organization of the work on energy saving.» (In Russian)
Guide of Gazprom Transgaz Samara P-01-373-2011 «Integrated Management System. Manual on energy efficiency and resource saving Management System.» (In Russian)
STO Gazprom Transgaz Yugorsk 00154223-85-2012 «Quality Management System. Works organization on energy saving.» (In Russian)
STP Gazprom dobycha Astrakhan 05780913.3.14-2013 «Analysis of energy consumption. Requirements to realization.» (In Russian)
МР-10-2014 «Guidelines for the energy analysis of Gazprom pererabotka LLC.» (In Russian)
R Gazprom 2-1.20-673-2012 «Energy saving management system at Gazprom OJSC.» (In Russian)
R Gazprom 2-1.20-984-2015 «Energy saving management system at Gazprom OJSC. Organization of energy saving and energy efficiency management in subsidiaries and organizations of Gazprom OJSC.» (In Russian)
STO Gazprom 2-1.20-113-2007 «Regulatory documents for the design, construction and operation of Gazprom OJSC facilities. Methods of energy efficiency assessment of gas transportation facilities and systems.» (In Russian)
STO Gazprom 2-1.20-114-2007 «Regulatory documents for the design, construction and operation of Gazprom OJSC facilities. Methods of energy audit of the gas transportation system.» (In Russian)
STO Gazprom 2-1.20-122-2007 «Regulatory documents for the design, construction and operation of Gazprom OJSC facilities. Procedure of the energy audit of compressor stations, compressor shops with gas turbine and electrically driven GPU.» (In Russian)
R Gazprom 2-1.20-858-2013 «Energy saving management system at Gazprom OJSC. Monitoring of energy efficiency indices of gas transportation system facilities.» (In Russian)
Catalogue of energy saving technologies in the production, transportation and underground gas storage (approved by Gazprom OJSC on 07.09.2011). (In Russian)

For citation:
Khvorov G.A., Yumashev М.V. Analysis Of Energy Management Systems Of Organizations In The Application Of Global Best Practices And Implementation Strategies At Gazprom PJSC (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 124–130.

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» Evaluation Of Petroleum Potential Of Upper Paleozoic Deposits Of Northern Ustyurt On The Basis Of Biostratigraphic Analysis

On the basis of the biostratigraphic method comparative analysis of upper Paleozoic deposits of Northern Ustyurt has been done. Facies conditions has been substantiated. Petroleum potential of Famennian and Asselian carbonate complexes in the North Ustyurt has been evaluated. An important result of research is that in the North Ustyurt on the basis of reliable paleontological evidence of the presence of rocks of Famennian of the upper Devonian layer (the depth of 3888 m, earlier – age C1–C2) and sediment selskogo of the layer of the lower Permian (the depth of 3796 m, early – age C2–C3). The Famennian rocks of the productive layer in the Tengiz field (the depth of deposits – 5200 m) and Karachaganak (the depth of deposits – 5500 m), and hasselskog at the Karachaganak field. The alleged analogy of carbonate facies from the Northern Ustyurt and the regions used for comparative analysis, I got real proof. Thus, the identified one of the indirect signs indicating possible petroleum prospects and hasselskog Famennian carbonate complex in the North Ustyurt at depths accessible to the modern technical conditions of drilling. Another important result of the research can be considered the fact that a comparative analysis of specific sections studied biostratigraphic method revealed similar biostratigraphy and depositional environments of remote areas and noticeable differences of the structure of the slits of the neighboring territories. A positive result of using the method of comparative analysis is the fact that assume that sedimentation in the geological interval from the Famennian to selskogo centuries in the North Ustyurt and the whole of the Turan plate was leaking on the shelf Paleolithic.

Keywords: Northern Ustyurt, stratigraphy, facies, sedimentation, paleontological research, biostratigraphic method, perspectives of oil and gas.

Authors:

V.V. Maslov, e-mail: maslov.v@gubkin.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

L.F. Gorunova; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

N.B. Gibshman Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Abilkasimov H.B. Patterns Of Spatial Distribution Of Natural Reservoirs Of The Precaspian Basin. Geologiya nefti i gaza = Geology of oil and gas, 2007, No. 6, P. 11–17. (In Russian)
Aushadhi H.H., Labutina L.I. About The Cycles Of Formation Of Source Rocks Of Paleozoic Deposits Of Ustyurt. Voprosy litologii, geokhimii neftegazonosnykh otlozhenii Uzbekistana = Problems Of Lithology, Geochemistry, Oil And Gas Deposits Of Uzbekistan. Central Asiatic Scientific Research Institute of Geology and Mineral Stock, 1978, Vol. 32. (In Russian)
Benenson V.A., etc. The Mesozoic Deposits Of Southern Mangyshlak. Moscow, Nauka, 1970. (In Russian)
Binche F.R. Stratigraphy And Fusulinida Upper Paleozoic Of Southern Fergana. Tashkent, Fan, 1972, 140 pp. (In Russian)
Volozh Y.A., Bykadorov V.A., Antipov M.P., etc. Paleozoic And Triassic Deposits Of Ustyurt (Seismostratigraphy, Paleogeography, And Petroleum Potential). Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists, Geology Department, 2011, Vol. 86, Iss. 2, P. 48–67. (In Russian)
Gavrilov V.P., Gulyaev V.L., Gibshman N.B., etc. The Geology And Petroleum Potential Of Upper Paleozoic Deposits In The Ustyurt Region. Moscow, Publishing house Nedra, 2014, 247 pр. (In Russian)
Gavrilov P.V., Maslov V.V. Рetroleum Potential Of The Upper Paleozoic Complex Of The Eastern Ustyurt (Uzbekistan). Collection of scientific works of Russian state University of oil and gas named after I.M. Gubkin, 2015, No. 4/281, P. 15–28. (In Russian)
Alekseev S.A., Kononova L.I. & Nikishin N.M. The Devonian And Carboniferous Of The Moscow Syneclise (Russian Platform): Stratigraphy And Sea-Level Changes. Tectonophysics 268 (Elsevier), 1996, Р. 149–168.
Bozorgnia F. Paleozoic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy Of Central And East Alborz Mountains Iran: National Iranian Oil Company. Geological Laboratories Publication, 1973, No. 4, 185 pp.
Brenckle P.L. Late Visean (Mississippian) Calcareous Microfossils From The Tarim Basin Of Western China. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 2004, Vol. 34, No. 2, P. 144–164.
Gibshman N.B. Foraminiferal Zonation And Paleogeography Of Early Carboniferous Precaspian Depression (West Kazakhstan). In: Ross C.A., Ross J.R.P., and Brenckle P.L. (Eds) Late Paleozoic Foraminifera; Their Biostratigraphy, Evolution And Paleoecology; And The Mid-Carboniferous Boundary, Cushman Foundation For Foraminifera Research, Special Publication 36, 1997, P. 150–160.
Gibshman N.B., Kabanov P.B. Pericaspian Eifelian To Early Permian Facies And Environments. In: Abstracts Paleozoic Carbonates on workshop held by TOTAL FINA ELF Exploration and Production. Pau, the France, 26–28 March 2002, 2002–4 pp.
Li H.M. Early carboniferous Foraminifera from northern margin of Tarim Basin. Xinjiang Geology, 1991, Vol. 9, P. 124–137.
Liao Z.T., Wang Y.J. et al. Carboniferous Of Tarim And Its Adjacents. Ed. By Zhou Z.Y. & Chen P.J. Biostratigraphy and Geology Evolution of Tarim, Science Press, Beijing, 1992, P. 202–242.

For citation:
Maslov V.V., Gorunova L.F., Gibshman N.B. Evaluation Of Petroleum Potential Of Upper Paleozoic Deposits Of Northern Ustyurt On The Basis Of Biostratigraphic Analysis (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 57–63.

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» Uncertainty Analysis Of Gas Reserves One Of The Fields In Pur-Tazov Basin

The analysis of the gas reserves of uncertainty is performed, technique using multivariate geological models as a means of interconnecting all the uncertainties that affect the volume of gas reserves is applied. The main advantage of this technique is the ability to reproduce the complexity of interactions between geological parameters naturally. Gas deposits of three poorly investigated formations of one of the deposits of oil and gas Pur-Taz region were selected as the analysis objects. During the uncertainty analysis the parameters were detected, errors were assessed for them and laws of these parameters variation were defined. Fluid contacts position errors were assessed as one of the parameters that mostly affects the reserves volume. Errors of structural models are taken into account via the creation of a high-speed model. Uncertainties of lithology are considered by stochastic simulation with the specification of variogram parameters variation and taking into account the nugget effect. For the porosity and residual water content the stochastic modelling with an additional simulation of random error was also used. Errors of formation pressure and temperature are taken into account, supercompressibility index error is taken into account indirectly. 300 model implementations were built and the adequacy of such amount was demonstrated. For all models gas reserves were calculated in volume, reserves histograms, tornadoes graphics were drawn. It was revealed that the uncertainty of contacts and structural models affect the volatility of natural gas reserves. Three implementations were selected for calculation of the production levels of hydrodynamic models. To reduce the uncertainty of gas reserves the further drilling of the field is recommended.

Keywords: three-dimensional geological models, uncertainty analysis, error, gas reserves.

Authors:

I.A. Nikitin, e-mail: ianikitin@bk.ru; Tyumen State Oil and Gas University (Tyumen, Russia).

V.A. Belkina, e-mail: belkina@tsogu.ru Tyumen State Oil and Gas University (Tyumen, Russia).

For citation:
Nikitin I.A., Belkina V.A. Uncertainty Analysis Of Gas Reserves One Of The Fields In Pur-Tazov Basin (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016. No. 11, P. 50–56.

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» Development And Implementation Of A Virtual Flow Meter For Wells Equipped With Centrifugal Pumps Installations

When operating oil wells it is necessary to determine the fluid and gas flow rates, firstly, to determine the state of the «formation – well – pump unit» system, and secondly, and this is more important, to clarify the status of the field development degree. For this purpose, personal or automated group metering stations (AGMS) are used, where wells products are fed through a separate pipeline. At the same time the problems of flow rate measuring occur for mechanized wells associated with the various technical and economic factors. Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas has been performing works since 1996 to create a diagnostic system of downhole pumping systems, where one of the main features is the ability to determine wells flow rate. Interest in the «virtual flowmeters» is defined by the widespread application of Submersible Telemetry systems (STMS) and the development of control systems for downhole pumping systems based on microprocessor technology. Another incentive to create a virtual flow meter was a development and implementation of dual production systems (DPS), operation of sidetrack wells, use of a linear system of wells products collection with high line pressure. The results of the research and development and commercial works are represented on the creation and implementation of wells yield definition systems based on indirect indicators of the virtual flowmeter. Virtual flowmeter – a system of primary sensors, controller as part of the well pump station and software that allows calculating borehole pump station rate by means of calculation based on the data of the primary sensors. Experimental field tests of virtual flowmeters were carried out in the fields in Western Siberia and the Perm Territory and showed good reproducibility of the «virtual flowmeter» system and typical measuring units for wells production rate. The maximum error of the well yield value by virtual flowmeter does not exceed 4–5 %.

Keywords: electrically driven centrifugal pump stations, definition of well yield, flowmeter, virtual flowmeter, intelligent control stations, controller.

Authors:

V.N. Ivanovskiy, e-mail: ivanovskivn@yandex.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) (Moscow, Russia).

А.А. Sabirov, e-mail: sabirov@gubkin.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) (Moscow, Russia).

I.N. Gerasimov, e-mail: haertsss@rambler.ru; Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) (Moscow, Russia).

I.I. Mazein, e-mail: mazein_i_i@lp.lukoil.com; LUKOIL-Perm LLC (Perm, Russia).

S.V. Bryukhanov, e-mail: sergej.bryuhanov@lp.lukoil.com; LUKOIL-Perm LLC (Perm, Russia).

I.V. Zolotarev, e-mail: zolotarev.iv@novomet.ru Novomet Perm JSC (Perm, Russia).

References:

Ivanovskiy V.N., Darishchev V.I., Kashtanov V.S., Sabirov A.A. Optimization of crude oil wells production equipped USHSN, using modern techniques and tools for fault detection. Proceedings of the Gubkin National Academy of Oil and Gas, 1996, No. 4. (In Russian)
Ivanovskiy V.N., Darishchev V.I. , Kashtanov V.S., Sabirov A.A. Experience of creation and application of a comprehensive diagnostics system for oilfield equipment. Neftepromyslovoe delo = Petroleum Engineering, 1997, No. 12, P. 25. (In Russian)
Ivanovskiy V.N., Darishchev V.I., Sabirov A.A., Volobuyev M.G. Experience of creation and application of a comprehensive diagnostics system for oilfield equipment. Magistralnye i promyslovye truboprovody: proektirovanie, stroitelstvo, ekspluatatciia, remont = Main and field pipelines: design, construction, operation and repair, 1997, No. 1, P. 25–34. (In Russian)
Ivanovskiy V.N., Sabirov A.A., Frolov S.V. Bases of creation and operation of software and hardware complexes for selection and diagnostics downhole pumping systems for crude oil production Neftepromyslovoe delo = Petroleum Engineering, 2000, No. 4. (In Russian)
Ivanovskiy V.N., Sabirov A.A., Donskoy Yu.A., Yakimov S.B. Forecasting as a way to deal with salt deposits in wells equipped with an electric pumps. Neftianoe khoziaistvo = Oil Industry, 2009, No. 6, P. 73–75. (In Russian)
Ivanovskiy V.N., Sabirov A.A., Karelina S.A. On the question of intellectualization of oil production. Territoriia «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2010, No. 8, P. 20–24. (In Russian)
Sabirov A.A. Software systems for selection, optimization and monitoring of the mechanized equipment of oil wells. Neftegazovaia vertical = Oil and gas vertical, 2015, No. 19, P. 77–80. (In Russian)

For citation:
Ivanovskiy V.N., Sabirov А.А., Gerasimov I.N., Mazein I.I., Bryukhanov S.V., Zolotarev I.V. Development And Implementation Of A Virtual Flow Meter For Wells Equipped With Centrifugal Pumps Installations (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 115–120.

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» Rationale For Pipeline Transportation Modes Bituminous Oil

In this article the analysis of the modern theory and practice of pipeline transport of tar oils in conjunction with low viscosity diluent. There was also made a detailed analysis of the rheological models of non-Newtonian fluids, in which was set a number of assumptions used to date selection algorithm rheological model. The article presents the results of experimental studies the authors of complex rheological models Ashalchinskoye mix bituminous oil deposits and low-viscosity diluent. The aim of research was to find experimental dependences of the parameters of rheological models of the determining factors: the concentration and temperature of the mixture of the diluent. On the basis of the material of experimental studies, obtained theoretically substantiated formula for predicting the rheological properties of the oil mixture. the sequence of changes of rheological model was established for the considered oil system: from simple one-parameter model to Newton Carreau model that includes 4 independent parameter. The proposed model with a high degree of precision and quality right describe the rheological properties of the oil mixture. With increasing temperature and concentration of diluent rheological model mix bituminous oil and diluent changes in the following sequence: Carreau model – model Ellis – model Ostwald – de Waal – model of Newtonian fluid. In view of the obtained formulas it was made up of rational synthesis algorithm for determining the parameters of conveying bituminous oil, together with low viscosity diluent. The algorithm was applied to the portion of the pipeline system NGDU Nurlatneft between stations BPS-5 Chumachka – Minnibayevskyi Central Gathering Plant. It was found that in the case of rational choice of transport options provides a more efficient transport bituminous oil on the basis of a comparative feasibility analysis.

Keywords: bituminous oil, oily mixtures, non-Newtonian fluid, rheological model.

Authors:

A.K. Nikolaev, e-mail: aleknikol@mail.ru; Saint-Petersburg Mining University (Saint-Petersburg, Russia).

V.V. Pshenin, e-mail: vladimirspmi@mail.ru; ZAO KTPI Gazproekt (Saint-Petersburg, Russia).

A.I. Zakirov, e-mail: zakirov-live@mail.ru; Saint-Petersburg Mining University (Saint-Petersburg, Russia).

N.A. Zaripova, e-mail: znatalya93@mail.ru Saint-Petersburg Mining University (Saint-Petersburg, Russia).

References:

Aizenshtein M.D. Centrifugal pumps for the oil industry. Мoscow, Gostoptekhizdat, 1957, 363 pp. (In Russian)
Harris N.A., Harris Yu.O., Glushkov A.A. Construction of dynamic characteristics of the main pipeline (plastic fluid flow model). Neftegazovoe delo = Oil and gas business, 2004, No. 1. Access mode: http://www.ogbus.ru/authors/ Garris/Garris_4.pdf. Application date 01.11.2016. (In Russian)
Harris N.A., Filatova A.N. Determination of the optimal modes of non-isothermal under loaded pipelines. Problems of resource saving in the economy: Coll. of sc. art. Issue 1. Ufa, Bashkir Encyclopedia, 2000, P. 156–158. (In Russian)
Harris N.A., Harris Yu.O. Calculation of operation modes of non-isothermal main oil pipelines with the use of dynamic characteristics. Neftegazovoe delo = Oil and gas business, 2003, No. 2. Access mode: http://ogbus.ru/authors/Garris/Garris_3.pdf. Application date 01.11.2016. (In Russian)
Pshenin V.V., Zakirov A.I., Klimko V.I., Nikolaev A.K. Thermal conditions of pipeline transport of bituminous oil in a mixture with low-viscosity diluent. Neftegaz.RU, 2016, No. 1–2, P. 56–58. (In Russian)
Nikolaev A.K., Zakirov A.I., Pshenin V.V. Study of the rheological models of bituminous mix and a low-viscosity oil of Ashalchinskoye field. Gornyi Inform.-anal. bull., 2015, No. 11, P. 353–360. (In Russian)
Zakirov A.I., Karimov A.I., Pshenin V.V. Study of the rheological characteristics of bituminous oil of Ashalchinskoye field. Gornyi inform.-anal. bull, 2015, No. 10, P. 382–390. (In Russian)
Mirzadzhanzade A.Kh., Hasanov M.M., Bakhtizin R.N. Studies on modelling of complex oil production systems. Nonlinearity, disequilibrium, heterogeneity. Ufa, Hilem, 1999, 464 pp. In Russian)
RD 75.180.00-KTN-198-09. Uniform process calculations of main oil pipelines and oil products pipelines facilities. Giprotruboprovod, 2009, 207 pp. (In Russian)
Development strategy of the Republic of Tatarstan fuel and energy sector for the period up to 2030. Access mode: http://www.gossov.tatarstan.ru/fs/site_documents_struc/04zak1.pdf. Application date 01.11.2016. (In Russian)
Tugunov P.I., Harris N.A. Use of dynamic characteristics for the calculation of operating conditions of non-isothermal pipelines. Transport i khranenie nefti i nefteproduktov = Transportation and storage of oil and oil products, 1985, 60 pp. (In Russian)
Wilkinson W.L. Non-Newtonian fluids. Fluid dynamics, mixing and heat transfer. Trans. from English. Z.P. Shulman, edited by A.V. Lykov. Мoscow, Mir, 1964, 216 pp. (In Russian)
Khisamov R.S., Amerkhanov M.I., Khanipova Y.V. Changing the properties and composition of ultra-viscous oil in the implementation of steam assisted gravity influence technology in the development Ashalchinskoye field. Neftianoe khoziaistvo = Oil Industry, 2015, No. 9, P. 78–81. (In Russian)
Khisamov R.S., Musin M.M., Musin K.M., Fayzullin I.N., Zaripov A.T. Generalization of the results of laboratory and pilot-scale works on the extraction of ultra-viscous oil from the formation. Kazan, Fen of the Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tatarstan, 2013, 213 pp. (In Russian)
Shramm G. Basics of practical rheology and rheometry. Trans. from English. I.A. Lavygin, edited by V.G. Kulichikhin. Мoscow, KolosS, 2003, 312 pp. (In Russian)
Shtukaturov K.Yu. Economic-mathematical modelling of pipeline process modes selection: dis. ...Candidate of Science (Physics and Mathematics). Ufa, 2004, 154 pp. (In Russian)
Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030. Access mode: http://minenergo.gov.ru/node/1026. Application date 01.11.2016. (In Russian)
Anil K., Robert R. Eastick and Wlliam Y. Svrcek. Viscosity of Cold Lake Bitumen and Its Fractions. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 198, Vol. 67. No. 6, pp. 1004–1009.
Miadonye A., Latour N. and Puttagunta V.R. A Correlation for viscosity and solvent mass fraction of Bitumen-diluent mixtures. Petroleum Science and Technology, 2000, Vol. 18. No. 1&2, pp. 1–14.
Shu W.R. A Viscosity Correlation for Mixtures of Heavy Oil, Bitumen, and Petroleum Fractions. Society of Petroleum Engineers of Journal, 1984. No. 6, pp. 277–282.

For citation:
Nikolaev A.K., Pshenin V.V., Zakirov A.I., Zaripova N.A. Rationale For Pipeline Transportation Modes Bituminous Oil (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016. No. 11, P. 108–114.

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» Optimization Of Displacement Fluid Process From Oil Pipeline By The Liquid Withdrawal At One End Of Segment And By The Injection Of An Inert Gas On The Other End

The optimization of process emptying pipeline section from the oil or oil product by the selection the liquid at one end of section and by the injection of inert gas at the other end is studied in this paper. As a rule, it is a pipe section lying between two successive valves that allows pumping out the liquid from one section into other one lying behind «valve». To ensure the integrity of the liquid column in the exempt cavity of the pipeline section which has a complex profile with the ups and downs some inert gas (for example, the nitrogen) is pumped into the pipeline to maintain the pressure at the right level. The sealing pig placed at the boundary of the displacing phase and moved together with this border to prevent penetration gas into liquid. Since obtaining nitrogen in special mobile nitrogen stations is a relatively expensive process, the question arises how to minimize the amount of nitrogen used in the process of oil displacement of the pipeline. Present study is showing how the problem can be solved if to take in account the pipeline profile and a given rate of liquid withdrawal.

Keywords: oil pipeline, oil product pipeline, the profile, the displacement of the gas by a liquid, withdrawal, injection of an inert gas, pig, gas cavity, hydraulic gradient, gravity flow, optimization, mathematical modeling, numerical calculation.

Authors:

N.S. Arbuzov, e-mail: arbuzov@imsholding.ru; IMS Industries (Moscow, Russia).

M.V. Lurie, e-mail: lurie254@gubkin.ru Gubkin Russian State Oil and Gas University (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Gumerov A.G., Zubairov M.G., Vekshteyn R.S. et al. Overhaul of underground oil pipelines. Мoscow, Nedra-Businesscentre LLC, 1999, 525 pp. (In Russian).
Patent RF 2079766. Method of draining of a pipeline defective part. Authors: V.N. Khalturin, V.Yu. Guryanov et al. Publ. on 20.05.1997. (In Russian).
Patent RU 2 274 800 С1. Method of products displacing from pipeline. Authors: O.V. Kasharaba, N.A. Tarkhova et al. Publ. on 20.04.2006, Bul. 11. (In Russian).
Patent for utility model No. 56550. System of simultaneous oil pipeline part draining and controlled filling with inert gas. Authors: M.P. Chemakin, V.L. Skomorokhin et al. Publ. on 10.09.2006. (In Russian).
Chentsov A.N., Timofeev F.V., Mukhametshin R.R., Zamalaev S.N. Experience in experimental and practical arrangements for preparing the linear part of the pipeline to transportation of diesel fuel of ecological class 5 TP TC 013/2011. Nauka i tekhnologii truboprovodnogo transporta nefti i nefteproduktov = Science and technology of pipeline transport of oil and oil products, 2014, No. 3, P. 32–38. (In Russian).
Innovative patent No. 24916 for invention. Method of safety improvement during repair work on the oil and gas pipelines. Authors: T.K. Akhmedzhanov, B.M. Nuranbaeva et al. Publ. on 15.11.2011, Bul. No. 11. (In Russian).
Krasheninnikov Ye.G., Yelanskiy Ye.A. Nitrogen plants and nitrogen stations to ensure safety: Operating experience. Sphera Neftegas = Oil and Gas Sphere, access mode: http://www.s-ng.ru/pdf/main_214.pdf. Application date – 02.11.2016. (In Russian).
Nitrogen generator. Access mode: http://www.imsholding.ru/separation. Application date – 02.11.2016. (In Russian).
Chugaev R.R. Hydraulics (Technical fluid mechanics). 4th edition, updated and revised. Lenongrad, Energoizdat, 1982, 671 pp. (In Russian).
Lurie M.V., Didkovskaya A.S. Iterative algorithm for hydraulic calculation of the steady state operation of main oil pipelines. Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2013, No. 3, P. 72–77. (In Russian).

For citation:
Arbuzov N.S., Lurie M.V. Optimization Of Displacement Fluid Process From Oil Pipeline By The Liquid Withdrawal At One End Of Segment And By The Injection Of An Inert Gas On The Other End (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016. No. 11, P. 103–107.

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» A Study Of The Operation Of Booster Pumps On The Oil Pumping Stations

The article contains analysis of the booster pumps operation on oil pumping stations. It is proved that it is necessary to pay attention to big power pumps parallel operation because in some cases pumps operate at rather low capacity which leads to increasing of vibration and reduces its working life. Authors offer simply and easy to master technique for calculation of capacity for each of parallel operating pumps using measurements received on oil pumping stations. One of these measured parameters is power consumption of pump motor. The method presented in the article was approved by measurements of total capacity and power consumptions of parallel operating pumps NMP 3600-78M. The uncertainty in calculated and measured by flow meter capacities was not exceed 2 %. The way of optimization of parallel pumps operation on oil pumping stations is proposed. It is shown that equipping one of the parallel operating pumps with replaceable low capacity rotor provides required flow rates and expands operation modes with minimal vibration. It is also helps to save power consumption because both pumps operate with efficiency greater than in case of using two pumps with the same capacities. Using the recommendations given in this work allows avoiding increased vibration during pump operation thereby extending the working life of pumps and save power consumption.

Keywords: oil pumping, parallel operation of pumps, calculation of pump capacity, avoiding increased vibration, extending the pump working life, saving the power consumption.

Authors:

V.V. Korotkov, e-mail: k2kf@yandex.ru; Kaluga Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Kaluga, Russia).

S.S. Panaiotti1; O.G. Shitokhina Kaluga Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Kaluga, Russia).

References:

GOST R 55265.7-2012. Vibration. Evaluation of machines state according to vibration measurements results on non-rotating parts. Part 7. Dynamic industrial pumps. Access mode: http://www.rags.ru/gosts/gost/53946/. Application date – 09.11.2016. (In Russian)

GOST R 53675-2009. Oil pumps for the main oil pipelines. General requirements. Access mode: http://www.rags.ru/gosts/gost/48800/. Application date – 09.11.2016. (In Russian)

Popov D.N., Sosnovskiy N.T., Siukhin M.V. Hydrodynamic loading of centrifugal pumps rotors during transient processes. Nauka i obrazovanie = Science and education, 2011, No. 12. Access mode: http://technomag.edu.ru/doc/274914.html. Application date – 09.11.2016. (In Russian)

Zotov B.N., Melashchenko V.I. Investigation of cavitation characteristics of the variable pitch screws. Khimicheskoe i neftegazovoe mashinostroenie = Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2013, No. 11, P. 34–35. (In Russian)

GOST 6134-2007 Dynamic pumps. Test methods. Access mode: http://www.rags.ru/gosts/gost/11936/. Application date – 09.11.2016. (In Russian)

For citation:
Korotkov V.V., Panaiotti S.S., Shitokhina O.G. A Study Of The Operation Of Booster Pumps On The Oil Pumping Stations (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016, No. 11, P. 92–96.

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» On Selection Of Electric Centrifugal Pump Stages Material For Complicated Conditions Of Operation

Issue of downhole pumping equipment durability is very relevant. For example, in RN-Purneftegas LLC the failures of electric centrifugal pump station (ECPS) due to corrosion-erosion wear are about 40 %. The durability of ECPS is significantly affected by the design of its assembly units. The design affects the presence or absence of turbulence flow zones, dead zones, zones of maximum flow velocity with mechanical impurities. The equipment durability is also very strongly influenced by the correct selection of materials. To answer the question about the possibility of using any design of ECPS and various construction materials in the presence of abrasive particles it is necessary to perform tests of specimens. The purpose of the given article was to determine the possibility of using the stages made of stainless steel, for the conditions of oil production complicated by removal of mechanical impurities. To address this issue, studies were performed to determine the durability of stages of submersible centrifugal pumps made of nickel iron (Ni-resist) and stainless steel. Stages made by casting technology into the ground, made of Ni-Resist and stamp-welded stainless steel stages were used for tests. Test pump stages were tested in two phases: tests that were taken with the complete specifications and test of model liquid where abrasive particles of quartz sand and proppant (5 g of silica sand 100 Mesh + 5 g 16/20 of proppant) were used. During wear test, the weight change of stage assembly and wear speed (intensity) were determined. Analysis of test results of ECPS stages performed by different technologies showed the following. Relative durability of stages made by the «stamping + welding» of stainless steel is higher than the durability of stages made by casting of a nickel iron (Ni-Resist). Wear rate of the stamp-welded stages was 0.091 and 0.108 g / hour (for impellers and guide vanes, respectively); wear rate of Ni-Resist stages was 0.225 and 0.21 g / hour (for the impellers and guide vanes, respectively). Two-bearing ECPS stages made by «stamping + welding» of stainless steels are highly durable and can be recommended for use in wells complicated by the removal of abrasive solids at a concentration of 1 g per 1 l of reservoir fluid. The wear of stages parts made of Ni-Resist creates a greatly exacerbated vibration loads than similar wear of stages made of stainless steel. The prospect of application of stages made of steel instead of Ni-Resist in conditions for oil production with a high content of mechanical impurities makes it necessary to include the amendments of the use of materials for the ECP manufacture in the common technical requirements.

Keywords: electric centrifugal pump station, durability, nickel iron (Ni-Resist), stainless steel, abrasive mechanical impurities, proppant.

Authors:

A.V. Degovtsov, e-mail: degovtsov.aleksey@yandex.ru; Gubkin Russian State Oil and Gas University (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

N.N. Sokolov, Gubkin Russian State Oil and Gas University (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

А.V. Ivanovskiy Gubkin Russian State Oil and Gas University (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Kurochkin M.S. Analysis of operation and monitoring of complicated wells stock equipped with ECP, in RN-Purneftegas LLC. Inzhenernaia praktika = Engineering Practice, 2013, No. 12, P. 26. (In Russian)
GOST 6134-87 Dynamic pumps. Test methods (with rev. No. 1, 2). (In Russian)

For citation:
Degovtsov A.V., Sokolov N.N., Ivanovskiy А.V. On Selection Of Electric Centrifugal Pump Stages Material For Complicated Conditions Of Operation (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016. No. 11, P. 88–91.

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» Modeling Of Formation Damage Due To Injection Of Water With Fine Particles

Nowadays, waterflooding is the most often applied technique for pressure maintenance and oil displacement for the majority of the oil fields. Injection of water might have a significant impact on flowing and storage capacity of the reservoir. Possible formation damage reasons and their effect on development profile are considered in this article. Migration of fine particles is believed to be the main reason of formation damage due to plugging of the pore throats and deposition of particles in the pore space. Several techniques might be applied in order to model the permeability changes associated with fine particles migration, but none of them takes into account complex geology and pressure distribution in the reservoir. Oil field development profiles might be overestimated if formation damage mechanisms are not properly modeled. Due to these reasons a new algorithm of formation damage modeling based on 3D reservoir simulation is proposed in the article. Relationship between permeability and pore volumes injected obtained in the core laboratory studies is included in the algorithm. Proposed approach was used to estimate development profile for the oil field with high degree of heterogeneity. Capability to model formation damage in 3D reservoir simulation will give a chance to reduce the negative impact of poor quality water injection.

Keywords: permeability decrease due to waterflooding, injectivity decline, field development simulation, formation damage due to particulate processes, waterflooding simulation, injection water treatment.

Authors:

A.V. Demidov, e-mail: avdemidov88@gmail.com; LUKOIL International Upstream East (Moscow, Russia).

P.V. Pyatibratov, e-mail: pyatibratov.p@gmail.com Gubkin Russian State University of oil and gas (National Research University) (Moscow, Russia).

References:

Mikhailov N.N. Changing the physical properties of rocks in boreholes zones. Мoscow, Nedra, 1987, 152 pp. (In Russian)
Chirkov M.V. Kinetics of formation coverage and of its effect on the development of fields. Мoscow, Institute of Oil and Gas Problems RAS, 2009, P. 42–60. (In Russian)
Mikhailov L.V., Chirkov M.V. Generalized model of formation coverage kinetics in the process of deposit development. Burenie i neft = Drilling and Oil, 2009, No. 2, P. 32–33. (In Russian)
Bennion D.B., Bennion D.W., Thomas F.B., Bietz R.F. Injection Water Quality – A Key Factor to Successful Waterflooding. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 1998, Vol. 37. No. 6, pp. 53.
Chang F.F., Civan F. Predictability of Formation Damage by Modeling Chemical and Mechanical Processes. SPE 23793, 1992.
Gruesbeck C., Collins R.E. Entrainment and Deposition of Fine Particles in Porous Media. SPE 8430, 1979.
Khilar K.C., Fogler H.S. Water sensitivity of Sandstones. Chemical Engineering, 1983, Vol. 38. No. 5, pp. 789–800.
Maroudas A. Particles Deposition in Granular Filter Media-2. Filtration and Separation, 1966, Vol. 3. No. 2, pp. 115–121.
Pautz J.F., Crocker M.E., Walton C.G. Relating Water Quality and Formation Permeability to Loss of Injectivity. Paper SPE 18888 presented at the SPE Production Operations Symposium held in Oklahoma City. Oklahoma, Mach 13–14, 1989.
Vetter O.J., Kandarpa V., Stratton M., Veith E. Particle invasion into Porous Medium and Related Injectivity Problems. SPE 16255, 1987.
Mingulov Sh.G. Development of scientific bases and recovery technologies of injectivity of injection wells. Ufa, Institute Of Problems Of Energy Resources Transportation, 2014, 55 pp. (In Russian)

For citation:
Demidov A.V., Pyatibratov P.V. Modeling Of Formation Damage Due To Injection Of Water With Fine Particles (In Russ.). Territorija «NEFTEGAZ» = Oil and Gas Territory, 2016. No. 11, P. 97–102.

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Territorija Neftegas № 11 2016

Read in this issue:

Anticorrosive protection

Automation

Diagnosis

Drilling

ENERGY SECTOR

Geology

Maintenance and repair of oil and gas wells

Oil and Gas Transportation and Storage

PUMPS COMPRESSORS

Fields Development and operation installation

Territorija Neftegas № 11 2016

Read in this issue:

Anticorrosive protection

Automation

Diagnosis

Drilling

ENERGY SECTOR

Geology

Maintenance and repair of oil and gas wells

Oil and Gas Transportation and Storage

PUMPS COMPRESSORS

﻿Fields Development and operation installation

Fields Development and operation installation